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THE 



RESOURCES OF ARIZONA: 



MINERAL, FAMING, AND GRAZING LANDS, TOWNS, AND MINING 

CAMPS; ITS RIVERS, MOUNTAINS, PLAINS, AND MESAS; 

WITH A BRIEF SUMMARY OF ITS INDIAN TRIBES, 

EARLY HISTORY, ANCIENT RUINS, 

CLIMATE, ETC., ETC. 



A mm or imm ihfjrmaiiob coicemiss the mmm. 



Compiled by 
PATRICK HAMILTON, 

Under autliority of the Legislature. 



Pkescott, Arizona. 
1881. 






-■•>- 



CONTENTS 



PAGE 

Preface 3 

Act Authorizing Publication 5 

Historical 7 

GrENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ArIZONA 10 

EivEEs AND Mountains 12 

Fauna and Flora 16 

Counties and Boundaries 21 

Chief Towns , 25 

Mining Resources 33 

Cachise County 35 

Pima County 41 

Yavapai County 47 

Pinal County 58 

Gila County 61 

Mohave County 66 

Yuma County 71 

Maricopa County 75 

Graham and Apache Counties 77 

Coal and Salt 79 

Bullion Yield 81 

Agriculture and Grazing 81 

Climate 91 

Eaileoads, Telegraph and Stage Lines 94 

Indian Tribes 98 

Miscellaneous 103 

Population, Civil and Military 107 

Ancient Euins 110 

Eauly Spanish Missionaries 113 

How to Get to Arizona 117 

The Wants of the Territory 118 



jUN 37 1908 
D. ot D. 



o 



PREFACE. 



To meet the growing demand for information concerning the 
Territory of Arizona, the Legislature, at the session of 1880- 
81, authorized the publication of this pamphlet. In the fol- 
lowing pages the author has endeavored to present this infor- 
mation in such a compact and concise form as would more fully 
meet the many inquiries of people desirous of coming to the 
Territory, and at the same time convey to the general public a 
comprehensive idea of the country, and its vast and varied re- 
sources. The facts presented have been gained by personal 
observation, during a residence of several years in the Territory, 
and it is believed they constitute a full and impartial descrip- 
tion of Arizona as it is to-day — its mineral, pastoral, and agri- 
cultural resources, towns, and settlements, with a glance at its 
past history and a few words regarding its future prospects. 
This being a publication authorized by the representatives of 
the people and paid for' out of the public treasury, having no 
private scheme to advance, or no private interest to foster, the 
exact truth has been sought and the statements can be con- 
sidered reliable. No portion of the Territory has been over- 
looked and no material interest has been neglected. While 
not claiming for this compilation exemption from all errors or 
mistakes, it is believed that such only will be found as are in- 
separable from a work of this nature. For valuable assistance 
in the collection of the data herein contained, the author is in- 
debted to many gentlemen throughout the Territory, and takes 
this method of tendering his sincere thanks to one and all. 
With the hope that the publication may, in some measure, 
meet the want for authentic and reliable information about the 
" coming country," and help to convey to the outside worl^ 
some adequate idea of Arizona and its grand resources, it is left 
with the reader to say how well the task has been performed. 

Patbick Hamilton, 

Commissioner. 



AN ACT 

TO AUTHOKIZE THE PUBLICATION OF INFORMATION OF THE RESOURCES 
OF ARIZONA TERRITORY. 

Be it enacted hy the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of 
Ai'izona: 

Section 1. That Patrick Hamilton is hereby constituted and 
appointed a Commissioner to prepare, and cause to be published, 
reliable information upon the mineral, pastoral, agricultural, 
and other resources of the Territory; also, the cost and facili- 
ties of coming to the Territory, and such other general informa- 
tion as he may consider of value to capitalists desirous of invest- 
ing in our mines, or to persons who may wish to immigrate to 
the Territory. 

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of said Commissioner to collect 
and prepare the information aforesaid by January 1, 1882, and 
he is hereby authorized to contract for the publication of ten 
thousand copies, in pamphlet form, upon the most reasonable 
terms that the work can be done, provided that the cost of such 
publication shall not exceed fifteen hundred dollars ($1',500). 

Sec 3. It shall be the duty of said Commissioner to distribute 
said pamphlets in the cities and railroad centers of the Eastern 
States, and on the Pacific coast, in such a manner as will give 
them the widest and most useful circulation, and he shall fur- 
nish thirty copies to each member of the Eleventh Legislative 
Assembly. 

Sec 4. It shall be the duty of the Territoi-ial Auditor, upon 
the completion of said publication, to examine the same, and if 
found in accordance with the provisions of this act, he shall 
give the said Commissioner a certificate, setting forth that the 
work has been performed according to law. 

Sec 5. It shall be the duty of said Commissioner to keep a 
correct account of the number of copies of said publication dis- 
tributed by him, and to whom, and such other information in 
connection therewith, as he may deem of interest, and to make 
a full report of the same to the Governor of the Territory on or 
before January 1, 1883, and the Governor shall transmit a copy 
of said report to the next Legislative Assembly. 

Sec. G. Said Commissioner shall receive as compensation, for 
the collection, preparation, and distribution of such information 
the sum of two thousand dollars. 

Sec 7. Upon the completion of said publication, the Com- 
missioner shall certify to the Territorial Auditor the amount dua 



ACT AUTHORIZING PUBLICATION. 

for said work and to whom; and the Territorial Auditor shall 
draw his warrant for the amount in favor of the person to whom 
the same is due, as shall appear by the certificate of said Com- 
missioner; and the Territorial Treasurer is hereby authorized 
and directed to i)ay said warrant out of any money in the 
Treasury not otherwise appropriated. 

Sec, 8. This act shall take effect and be in force from and 
after its passage. 

J. F. Knapp, 
Speaker of the House of Kepresentatives. 

MUKAT MaSTERSON, 

President of the Council. 



Clause 12 of the Appropriation Act, passed subsequent to 
the foregoing, enacts as follows : 

Twelfth. The sum of four thousand five hundred ($4,500) 
dollars is hereby approj)riated to pay the Commissioner selected 
to compile, publish, and distribute the pamphlet on the 
" Resources of Arizona Territory," and the Territorial Auditor 
is hereby directed to draw his warrant on the Territorial Treas- 
urer for the above amount, in favor of the Commissioner named 
'in the act, and the Territorial Treasurer is hereby authorized 
and directed to pay said sum to said Commissioner out of any 
moneys in the Territorial Treasury not otherwise appropriated, 
in the manner provided for by the provision of said act. 



THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 



HISTORICAL. 

The region now embraced within the territory of Arizona, 
was first peuetrated by Europeans nearly three hundred and 
fifty years ago. A quarter of a century before the founding of 
San Augustine, and long before Puritan or Cavalier had estab- 
lished themselves at Plymouth Rock or Jamestown, Spanish 
adventurers had explored the wilds of Arizona and New Mex- 
ico. Alvar Nunez de Vaca, one of the followers of Pamphilo 
de Narveaz, in his disastrous expedition to the coast of Florida, 
in 1538, being left by his commander, with four companions, on 
the desolate shore, resolved to penetrate the great unknown , 
wilderness to the westward and join their countrymen in Mexi- 
ico. Without compass or provisions, they struck across the 
continent, discovered and crossed the Mississippi two years 
before De Soto stood upon its banks and found a burial place 
beneath its turbid waters. They traversed the great plains of 
the West, entered New Mexico, visited the pueblo towns, 
passed through the country of the Moquis, and, after many 
hardships and privations, joined their countrymen at Culiacan, 
in Sinaloa. They gave glowing accounts of the country through 
which they passed, and their description of the " Seven Cities 
of Cibola," the Moquis towns, excited the spirit of adventure 
and cupidity among the Sj^anish conquerers, and fired the zeal- 
ous ardor of the missionaries. Padre Marco de Niza, under the 
patronage of the Viceroy Mendoza, set out from Culiacan in 
1539, accompanied by a single companion, in search of the 
fabulous " Seven Cities." They passed through the Papague- 
ria and the country of the Pimas, by the valley of the Santa 
Cruz and into the country of the friendly Yavapais, and at last 
came in sight of the goal of their arduous quest. Fathet de 
Niza sent his companion ahead, with some Indians, who had 
accompanied them from the Gila. The Moquis massacred the 
whole party. Father de Niza did not enter the city. He set 
up the cross, named the country the New Kingdom of San 
Francisco, and returned to Culiacan. 

The public mind in New Spain was greatly excited by the 
news which the good father brought on his return. The thirst 



8 THE RESOUECES OF ARIZONA. 

for gold and glory, and tlie desire to extend the influence of the 
cross, bore down all opposition. The Viceroy, Mendoza, pro- 
jected two expeditions to explore the marvelous country to the 
north; one by land under Yasquez de Coronado, and the other 
by sea under Fernando Alarcon, In April, 1540, Coronado 
niarched from Culiacanwith nearly a thousand men (principally 
Indians). He visited the ruins of the Casa Grande, on the 
Gila, and in forty-five days after starting, reached the first of 
the " Seven Cities." Instead of the rich and populous region 
which their imagination had pictured, they found a poor and 
insignificant village. The province was composed of seven 
Tillages, the houses being small and built in terraces, as they 
are at the present day. The inhabitants were intelligent an d 
industrious. They raised good crops of corn, beans, and pump- 
kins, dressed in cotton cloth, and were the same in all respects 
as their descendants, the Moquis and Zunis, are at the present 
time. Coronado penetrated to the New Mexican pueblos on the 
Rio Grande, explored the country as far east as the Canadian 
river, and north to the fortieth degree of latitude. Disappointed 
in his search for the riches he expected to find, the expedition 
returned to New Spain in the spring of 1542. The expedition 
of Alarcon sailed about the same time Coronado marched. The 
Gulf of California was discovered, and named the Sea of Cortez. 
The Colorado and the Gila rivers were also discovered. Two 
boats ascended the former stream to the Grand canyon. For 
forty years after these expeditions, no further efforts were made 
to explore the country. In 1582, Antonio de Espejo penetrated 
the country northward and discovered many popu|ous pueblos 
in the Rio Grande valley, which are not mentioned by the his- 
torian of Coronado's expedition. He visited the Zunis, and 
passed westward to the Moquis, who met him with presents of 
corn and mantles of cotton. Forty-five leagues south-westward 
from the Moquis villages, he discovered rich silver ore in a 
mountain easily ascended. Numerous Indian pueblos were 
found in the vicinity of the mines, and two rivers, on which 
grew wild grapes, walnut trees and flax, were also discovered. 
Those streams were no doubt the Little Colorado and the Verde. 
More than a century elapsed after these explorations before 
any permanent settlement was made in the territory now known 
;as Arizona. Towards the close of the seventeenth century, the 
Jesuit Fathers established the missions of Guevavi, Tumacacori, 
and San Xavier. Missions had been established some time 
before among the Moquis. In 1720, there were nine missions 
•jn a- prosperous condition within what is now the territory of 
Arizona. The fruits of the untiring labors of the zealous 
fathers were shown in the peaceful and industrious Indian 
colonies which sprang up around their missions. Despite the 
expulsion of their founders, the Jesuits, in 17G7, and the con- 
Btant raids of the savage Apaches, the missions continued to 
flourish and grow rich, until the revolution for Mexican inde- 
pendence. Deprived of the protection of the vite-regal govern- 
ment, aiid constantly harassed by the Apaches, they languished 



HISTORICAL. , 9 

and declined, until tliey were finally suppressed under a decree 
of the Mexican government in 1827. By the treaty of Guada- 
lupe Hidalgo, in 1846, all that portion of the present Territory 
of Arizona north of the Gila river was ceded to the United 
States. At that time the population of the Territory was con- 
fined to a few hundred souls within the presidios of Tucson 
and Tubac. "What is now known as northern and central 
Ariznua did not contain a single white settlement. Outside 
the Pima and Maricopa villages on the Gila and Rio Salado, 
and the Moquis towns in the extreme north-east, the savage 
Apache was lord of mountain, valley, and mesa. In 1854, that 
portion of the Territory between the Gila river and the line of 
Sonora was acquired from the Mexican government by purchase. 
It was long known as the " Gadsden Purchase," the negotia- 
tions for its acquisition having been conducted by the Hon. 
James Gadsden, then minister to Mexico. The price jDaid vvas 
$10,000,000, and, in the liglit of its recent developments of 
marvelous mineral wealth, it can be considered a good bargain. 
Tubac and Tucson were taken possession of by the United States 
troops in 1855; the Mexican colors were lowered, the Stai-s and 
Stripes hoisted in their stead, and the authority of the United 
States established where Sjianiard and Mexican had held sway 
for nearly 300 j'ears. 

Subsequent to the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the Territory 
formed a part of New Mexico. A memorial was presented to 
the Legislature of New Mexico on the first day of December, 
1854, for a separate territorial organization. The name first 
adopted was " Pimieria," but it Avas afterwards changed to 
" Arizona." The word Arizona is said to be derived from two 
Pima words: " Ari," a maiden, and " Zon," a valley, or country. 
It has reference to the traditionary maiden queen ^vho once 
ruled over all the branches of the Pima race. Before the name 
was conferred on the whole Territory, it was borne by a mount- 
ain adjacent to the celebrated Planchas de Plata mines near the 
southern liue of the Territory. Arizona remained a portion of 
New Mexico until the twenty-fourth of February, 1863, when 
the act was passed organizing it as a separate Territory. The 
civil officers appointed by the President entered the Territory 
on the twenty-seventh of December, 1863, and two days later, 
at Navajo Springs, the national colors were given to the breeze, 
and the Territorial Government formally inaugurated. The 
seat of government was established at Fort "Whipple, in Chino 
valley, on the headwaters of the Verde. It was afterwards 
removed to Prescott, where it still remains. 

The history of Arizona from the establishment of a Territorial 
organization up to the year 1874 has been a series of fierce and 
bloody struggles with the savage Apaches, and of slow but 
steady growth. The intrepidity, daring, and self-sacrifice of 
the early pioneers, who won this rich domain, foot by foot, from 
its savage occupants, yet remains to be written, and will be one 
of the bloodiest pages in the history of our frontier settlements. 
The hostile tribes were conquered and placed on reservations 



10 THE RESOUECES OP ARIZONA. 

Toy General Crook, in 1874, and since that time the Territory has 
made rapid progress in population, wealth, and general de- 
velopment. With the opening of a transcontinental railroad 
across the southern portion of the Territory, and the discovery 
of immense veins of silver ore adjacent thereto, Arizona has 
attracted the attention of the whole country, and capital and 
emigration have flowed in upon her at an unexampled rate. 
One of the first-discovered portions of North America, so long 
neglected and unknown, is at least beginning to yield up those 
treasures which for ages have remained hidden in its mountain 
fastnesses, guarded by the fiercest of savages. A new era has 
dawned for Arizona — an era of peace, progress, and prosperity. 
The demon of isolation and the curse of savage dominion, which 
so long brooded over the land, have been swept aside by the 
advancing tide of civilization, and Arizona's future is bright 
with the promise of a powerful and a prosperous state. 



GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ARIZONA. 

The Territory of Arizona comprises the extreme south-west- 
ern portion of the United States. It is bounded on the north 
by Nevada and Utah, on the east by New Mexico, on the south 
by Sonora, on the west 'by California and Nevada. It extends 
from the one hundred and ninth meridian west to the Great 
Colorado; and from 31'-' 28' of north latitude to the thirty- 
seventh parallel, and contains an area of about 114,000 square 
miles. The physical features of the Territory may be described 
as a series of elevated plateau, having an altitude of from 100 
feet in the south-west, up to 6,000 and 7,000 feet above the sea 
level, in the north. Mountain ranges, having a general direc- 
tion of north-west by south-east, extend over this lofty plateau 
the entire length of the Territory, These mountains often pre- 
sent the appearance of broken and detached sjDurs, and some- 
times occur in regular and continuous ranges. Narrow valleys 
and wide, open plains lie between the mountains, while deep 
canyons and gorges, formed by the rains and floods, which some- 
times rush with irresistible force from the mountain barriers, 
cross the country in every direction. The most extensive of 
these grand mesas, or table lands, is the Colorado plateau, in 
the northern portion of the Territory, occupying nearly two- 
fifths of its entire area. This great plateau has an average 
altitude of between 5,000 and 6,000 feet. Its surface is diversi- 
fied by lofty peaks and isolated ranges; it is covered nearl}-- its 
entire extent with fine grasses; it is penetrated on the west by 
the Rio Colorado, which has worn a channel thousands of feet 
in depth. It is also cut by the San Juan on the north-east, and 
the Little Colorado, the Verde, the Salinas, and the San Fran- 
cisco on the south. These rivers form in places deep gorges, and 
again widen into beautiful and productive valleys. Perhaps 



GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ARIZONA. 11 

nowhere on the continent can be found a more striking .pano- 
rama of mountain, valley, mesa, and canyon. From north to 
south, from east to west, the country is crossed by mountain 
ranges and isolated peaks of strange' and fantastic shapes. In 
the eastern portion of the Territory, extending from the San 
Francisco Mountain on the north, to the Gila river on the south, 
a long line of extinct volcanoes can be traced, and immense lava 
fields, which are found in different portions of the Territory, 
prove conclusively that Arizona was, in ages past, the scene of 
active eruptive agencies. 

The south-western portion of the Territory may be described 
as composed of wide plains, covered in places with a sparse 
growth of grass, and dotted with peaks and detached spurs. 
The south-eastern portion of Arizona is made up of mountain 
ranges, which sometimes rise into commanding peaks, like the 
Santa Ritas and Mount Turubull, with grassy plains and rich 
valleys lying between. The central joortion of the Territory can 
show some of the most attractive scenery on the continent. It 
is also well watered, and contains the largest body of agricul- 
tural land in Arizona — the valleys of the Gila and Salt rivers. 
One of the wonderful curiosities of the Territory is the Grand 
canj'ou of the Colorado. This is one of the most stupendous 
chasms to be found on the continent, and probably has not its 
equal on the globe. It is a tremendous gorge, 400 miles in 
length, and from 1,500 to 6,000 feet in depth, cut through the 
eruptive rock by the river, in its passage for ages from its 
mountain sources to the sea. Down in the gloomy recesses of 
this forbidding gorge, which calls to mind the portal to Dante's 
Inferno, the light of day hardly ever penetrates, and the river, 
looking like a slender silver thread, foams and whirls among 
the rocks and falls which impede its progress. The canj'on 
was first discovered by Coronado's expedition in 1540, and its 
length and depth accurately measured. It has been explored 
its entire length by Major Powell, who has given a most interest- 
ing and vivid description of its many wonders. The Little Col- 
orado, one of the main tributaries of the great river, has also a 
canyon system of its own, but on a much smaller scale than 
the larger river. 

The geological character of the Territory exhibits almost 
every formation to be found on the continent. North of the 
Grand Colorado and the Colorado Chiquito, the surface rock is 
a pure sandstone. The main ranges through the central portion 
of the Territory are composed of granite, porphyry, and slates. 
The mountains extending south-east from the great cone of the 
San !§rancisco to the thirty-fourth parallel, are mostly of vol- 
canic origin. Between the Gila and the Sonora line is found 
granite, limestone, porphjay, trap, and much metamorphic rock. 
The lower portion of the Great Colorado basin bears traces of 
violent volcanic disturbance, and is covered in places with scoria 
and ashes; its upper portion is composed of granites, j)orphyry, 
and slates, with here and there isolated ranges and jagged peaks 
scorched and riven by the fiery flood which has swept over 
this part of Arizona in ages when our earth was young. 



12 THE EESOUECES OF AKIZONA. 

Arizona is a land of mai'vels for tlie scientist and the sight- 
seer. Nowhere on the globe can the operations of nature be 
traced more clearly and distinctly. Torn, and riven by stu- 
pendous gorges and deep canyons, crowned by lofty mountains, 
and diversified by immense plains, grassy parks, beautiful 
valleys, and elevated mesas, the topography of the'couutry in 
variety, weird beauty, and massive grandeur, is not excelled 
on the continent. That the great plateau pf Arizona was once 
an inland sea, there can be little doubt; and the isolated 
mountain masses, rising like islands above its surface, and the 
fantastically castellated buttes, which dot its immense plains, 
show clearly the erosion caused by the retreating waters. 
Arizona is a land that offers to the geologist and mineralogist 
a field both interesting and instructive; a land where the great 
book of nature lies open, with the record of countless ages 
stamped on its broad pages. 



RIVERS AND MOUNTAINS. 

RIVERS. 

First among the rivers of Arizona is the Colorado, which 
washes the western border of the Territory. This mighty 
stream is the principal tributary of the Pacific ocean, on the 
North American continent, south of the Columbia. It belongs 
to that vast system of water-courses which have their sources in 
the Rocky mountain cordilleras, and drain the continent from 
ocean to ocean. The great river was discovered on the ninth 
of May, 1540, by Captain Fernando Alarcon. He ascended the 
stream in boats 85 leagues from its mouth. He also discovered 
the Gila and called it the Miraflores. The Colorado takes its 
rise in the Wind Eiver chain of the Eocky mountains, iu lati- 
tude 43° 30' north, and some 12,000 feet above tlie level of the 
sea. It flows towards the south-east in its upper course, and is 
called Green river. Below its junction with the Grand, its 
great tributary from the east, its course is south-westerly until 
it is joined by the San Juan, above the entrance to the Great 
canyon. From there it runs south-westerly through the great 
chasm of the Colorado plateau to the mouth of the Virgin, and 
from that point to the Gulf of California it winds its way almost 
due south. The length of the Colorado and its tributaries is 
nearly 2,000 miles, draining an area larger than New England, 
Pennsylvania, and Virginia combined. Above its junction Vv'ith 
the Grand its waters are clear and limpid, but after i)assing 
through the Great canyon they assume a reddish hue, and are 
as turbid as those of the Missouri. The river is navigable for 
over 600 miles by boats of light draught, but the constant 
changing of its channel makes navigation difficult and some- 
times hazardous. The valley of the Colorado below the canyon, 
although narrow, for such a stream, and subject to overflow, 



KIYERS AND MOUNTAINS. 13 

contains hundreds of thousands of acres of productive soil. 
The great Colorado drains the eutire Territory of Arizona, and 
every stream and water-course within its borders finds its way 
to the mighty river. 

The Gila river, the next in size to the Colorado, takes its rise 
aoaoug the Mogollon mountains in New Mexico, on the divide 
that separates the waters of the Rio Grande and those flowing 
into the Gulf of Mexico, from those that flow westward to the 
Pacific. In the upper part of its course, the Gila is a mount- 
ain stream, dashing through rocky gorges, deep canyons, amid 
the wildest of mountain scener}'. It forms no valley of any 
size, except the site of old Fort West, until it parses the one 
hundred and ninth meridian of longitude and enters the Terri- 
tory of Arizona. A few miles west of the boundary line it re- 
ceives the San Francisco from the north, a mountain stream 
bordered by a narrow valley. Some miles below it is joined by 
the waters of the Rio Prieta. At this point the valley of the Gila 
rapidly widens into»^ rich and productive stretch of bottom 
land, known as Pueblo Yiejo, which extends west for nearly 50 
miles. The Rio Bonito, a clear mountain stream, enters the 
Gila from the north, near the head of this valley. The San 
Cai'los, which rises in the White mountains, joins the Gila at 
the lower end of the Pueblo Viejo valley. It is a fine mountain 
stream, with a rich and beautiful valley, now occupied as an 
Indian reservation. Below the San Carlos, the Gila flows 
through a deep and rocky canyon formed by the Mazatzal, Mo- 
gollon, and Mescal ranges from the north, and the Galiuro and 
Pinaleno ranges from the south. Just below the canyon the 
San Pedro unites with the Gila, from the south. The San Pedro 
is a narrow, swift stream, about 25 feet in width, and averaging 
about three feet in depth. It rises in Sonora and flows north 
through a fertile valley, with grass-covered mesas on each side, 
which sometimes rise into lofty ridges. Its course through 
Arizona is about 100 miles. The Arivaypa joins the San Pedro 
one mile below old Fort Breckenridge. It is a clear, beautiful 
stream, flowing through a rocky gorge, with a narrow valley of 
great fertility. 

Below the canyon, the Gila forms a valley from one to five 
miles wide, which produces luxuriant crops by irrigation. The 
Santa Cruz, from its source in the Huachuca mountains, after 
flowing southward through Souora, making a curve to the west, 
and passing by Tubac and Tucson, enters the Gila by an un- 
derground channel below the Pima villages. Salt river unites 
with the Gila at the point of the Sierra do Estrella. It is a 
.bold and rapid stream, having its source in the White mount- 
ains, and carrying a volume of water nearly three times as 
large as that of the Gila. Its upper course is through deep 
canyons, occasionally widening into narrow and fertile valleys. 
The main branch of the stream is known as Black river, flowing 
through a rugged, mountainous country. It receives the White 
Mountain, Carizo creek, Tonto creek, and other streams from 
the north, above the canyon, and the Rio Verde below that 



14 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

point. After breaking from the canyon the Salt river runs in a 
south-westerly direction, through a wide plain, containing the 
largest body of farming land in the Territory, The river is fed 
by mountain springs and snows, and carries a large volume of 
water. It is about 150 miles in length. 

The Rio Verde rises in Chiuo valley, in the great plateau 
that stretches south from the San Francisco mountains, near 
latitude 35° 30' north. It pursues a southerly direction, most 
of the way through a beautiful and productive valley, receiving 
in its course Oak, Beaver, and Clear creeks from the east, and 
Granite creek from the west. It joins the Salt z-iver a few 
miles below'Fort McDowell. The length of the Verde is nearly 
150 miles. It carries a volume of water almost equal to the 
Gila, and is one of the finest streams in the Territory. The 
Hassayampa and the Agua Fria take their rise in the .Sierra 
Prieta, near Prescott, and enter the Gila below the Big Bend, 
but they sink in the thirsty sands long before they reach that 
stream. The Gila and its tributaries drain more than one half 
of the Territory. The river is about 500 miles in length, four- 
fifths of the distance being through Arizona. 

The Colorado Chiquito takes its rise in the Sierra Blanco, 
near the line of '34° north. The country around its headwaters 
is covered with pine forests and dotted with beautiful mountain 
lakes. It pursues a north-westerly direction, and enters the 
Great Colorado, through a canyon half a mile in depth, 200 
miles from its source. During its journey it is joined by the 
Rio Puerco and the Zuni river, from the north, and bj^ Silver and 
Carisso creeks, and other inconsiderable streams, from the south. 
The upper valley of the Little Colorado is rich and fertile, pro- 
ducing fine crops with irrigation. Williams Fork empties into 
the Colorado on the line of 34° 20' north latitude and 114° 8' 
west longitude. The Santa Maria, the eastern branch of this 
stream, has its rise in the Juniper range, north-west of Prescott, 
while another branch rises at Peeple's valley. They join the 
Big Sandy, that has its source in the Cactus pass, and thence 
flow westward to the Great river. These are the important 
water-courses of the Territory, though there are many others 
which in rainy seasons pour their turbid floods into the Colo- 
rado and the Gila. 

» MOUNTAINS. 

The mountains of Arizona are among the most* interesting 
physical features of this wonderful country, and would require 
a volume to describe them in detail. It cnn be said that they 
show very little regularitj^, although they have a marked paral- 
lelism in the trend and direction of their axis, from north-west' 
to south-east. The parallel ridges of the Great plateau diverge 
from two points within the limits of the Territory — the Great 
canj'on of the Colorado, and the canyon of the Gila above the 
junction of the San Pedro. Beginning 40 miles south of the 
Little Colorado, the San Francisco peak, the highest in the 
Territory, rears its lofty head nearly 12,500 feet above the level 
of the sea. The San Francisco may be considered the northern 



EIVERS AND MOUNTAINS. 15 

j)oint of the great ranges which extend from the one hundred 
and ninth to the one hundred and thirteenth degree of longi- 
tude, and from the thirty-sixth parallel to the Sonora line. 
That part of this range north of the Gila canyon is known as the 
Mazatzal, and farther east as the Mogollon and Sierra Blanco. 
There are also many detached spurs and isolated ranges, such 
as the Superstition, the Mescal, the Apache, the Pinal, the Gila 
range, and the Sierra Nataues. Most of these mountain ranges 
are covered with timber, and the Mogollon, Mazatzal, Sierra 
Blanco, and Pinal mountains, have a splendid growth of pines, 
cedars, oak, and juniper. Rich and nutritious grasses cover 
these mountains and the high table lands adjacent. Many 
of the ranges attain lofty elevations. The Sierra Blanco is 11,- 
300, and the Four Peaks, in the Mazatzal range, nearly 10,000 
feet above the level of the sea. South of the canyon of the 
Gila, on the line of 32° 30', the parallel ranges of the Great 
plateau system are clearly defined, all having the north-west 
and south-east trend. 

The Peloncillo, the Pinaleno, the Galiuro, the Chiricahua, the 
Santa Catarina, the Huachuca, the Santa Rita, the Dragoon, 
and Whetstone are the most prominent. Nearly all of these 
mountains are well watered, and covered with grass and timber. 
Mount Graham, in the Pinaleno range, attains a height of 10,- 
500 feet above sea level, while the lofty peak of Mount Wright- 
son, in the Santa Ritas, has exactly the same elevation. West 
of Tucson, in the Paj)ago country, are several isolated ranges, 
of which the highest is Baboquivara peak, standing like a giant 
sentinel, guarding the weird fastnesses of the Papagueria. The 
Arizona mountains, which have given their name to the Terri- 
tory, extend from the point of the mountain, north of Tucson, 
into Sonora. They are sometimes called the Tubac mountains, 
and the Atascoso. They are of volcanic origin, broken and ir- 
regular. North of the thirty- fourth parallel, and west of the 
Verde, is the ridge that sejDarates the waters of the Rio Verde 
from the Agua Fria, known as the Verde mountains. 

West of the range are the Bradshaw and Sierra Prieta, that 
girdle Prescott, and, extending north, join the Santa Maria and 
Juni^Der mountains. The Bradshaw and Sierra Prieta are mass- 
ive ranges, well watered and thickly covered with pine, oak, 
and juniper timber, with a fine growth of grasses. Mount 
Union, in the Sierra Prieta, nine miles south of Prescott, at- 
tains an elevation of 9,000 feet. In the basin of the Colorado, 
the principal ranges are the Sacramento, the Cerbat, the Huala- 
pai, the Peacock, the Cottonwood, and the weird and desolate 
Music mountain, in the north; and in the south, the Harcurar, 
the Plomosa, the Castle Dome, and the Chocolate ranges. Most 
of these run parallel to the course of the Great river, with im- 
mense open valleys between. I'hey are generally devoid of 
timber, and many of them bear the marks of violent volcanic 
action. There are many other, detached ranges, such as the 
Black Hills, east of Prescott, rich in mineral and covered with 
timber; the Antelope, west of the Bradshaw, JIamous for its 



16 THE EESOUBCES OF ARIZONA. 

gold placers, and Bill Williams motintain, south-west from tlie 
San Fraucisco peak. The mountain system of Arizona par- 
takes of the character of the Sierra Nevadas and the Rocky 
mountain Cordilleras, and may be considered outlying spurs 
from both. In 43° 30' the Wind river chain of the Rocky 
mountains divides around the sources of the Colorado, One 
branch trends to the south in the Great Wasatch range, and, 
widening out to the level of the Great plateau, reaches the 
Grand canyon of Colorado on the line of the one hundred and 
twelfth degree of longitude. A branch of the Sierra Nevada 
leaves that range south-west of Owens river, and, with a gen- 
eral sweep to the south-west, merges into the plateau and joins 
the Wasatch at the Great canyon. Our space will not permit 
us to give more than a passing glance at the grand system of 
sierras, crowned with their lordly pines, and holding in their 
rocky embrace vast mineral wealth, which are such a mag- 
nificent feature of the topography of Arizona. 



FAUNA AND FLORA. 

FAUNA. 

The fauna of Arizona, in its extent and variety, will compare 
with an}- portion of the Union. Nearly all the animals indig- 
enous to the temperate zone are found throughout the Terri- 
toi'y, and in some localities it is the very paradise of the sports- 
man. The grizzly bear is found in the White mountain range, 
near Camp Apache; the cinnamon and the black bear are met 
with in the San Francisco, the Mogollon, the Sierra Blanco, the 
Bradshaw, the Mazatzal, the Chiricahaa, the Huachuca, the Santa 
Rita, and in nearly all the wooded mountains of the Territory. 
The coyote, or prairie wolf, roams through the length and breadth 
of Arizona. The black-tailed deer is common in the northern 
and central portions of the Territory; it attains a large size, 
and some weighing 250 pounds have been killed. The Cali- 
fornia lion, or cougar, makes his home in every county in the 
Territory. The antelope is found in large bands on the ele- 
vated mesas and grassy plains that stretch from the Patagonia 
mountains to the Coconino forest; the big-horn mountain 
sheep is a dweller in the almost inaccessible crags and barren 
mountain peaks of northern Arizona. Although the elk can 
hardly be considered a native of this latitude, some large speci- 
mens have been seen in the lofty ranges of the San Francisco 
and the Sierra Blanco. The fox and the wildcat are extensively 
distributed, some of the latter reaching a very large size. The 
wood rat, the kangaroo rat, and the white mouse, are found in 
all parts of the Territory; gophers are numerous, the black-faced 
variety being mostly confined* to the Sierra Bianco; squirrels 
are seen everywhere. The beaver inhabits the streams through- 
out the Mogollon, the White mountains, the Verde and its 



FAUNA AND FLORA. 17 

tvibutfiries, and the San-Pedro. Rabbits are found in every 
section. 

Arizona offers a fine field for the ornithologist; it is exceed- 
ingh' rich in the number and variety of the feathered tribe. 
Tlie wild turkey is found in the Bill Williams, San Francisco, 
Mogollon, Sierra Blanco, Chiricahua, on the headwaters of the 
Gila and Santa Cruz, and in nearly all the wooded mountains 
of southern Arizona. Wild duck are plentiful in the water- 
courses of northern, eastern and south-eastern Arizona, and the 
wild goose is occasionally seen on the Colorado, the Gila and 
the Salt rivers. The crested quail, or California partridge, is 
extensively distributed and rapidly increasing since the settle- 
ment of the country by whites; doves and pigeons are found in 
the mountains and elevated plateaus. The western hawk in- 
habits all parts of the Territory. The crow family is well repre- 
sented and is met in every direction. 

The American eagle is found among the lofty peaks and deep 
canyons of the Sierra Blanco. Tliere are many species of the 
owl family, and their solemn hooting makes night hideous from 
the Utah line to the frontier of Sonora. The melod}'' of the 
mocking-bird is heard in Arizona wherever there is a stream or 
a grove; sparrows abound in the southern and central portions 
of the Territory, and the sweet song of the thrush trills forth in 
many parts of eastern Arizona. The oriole is found in the 
region of Camp Grant; and humming-birds, warblers, and 
finches are met with in the central and south-eastern valley's and 
mountain ranges. Water-ousels and bluebirds frequent the 
elevated regions of the south-east. The Arizona vireo is one of 
our sweetest singers, and is widely distributed; wrens are 
numerous in the south; swallows, buntings, jays, grosbeaks, 
and many species of the woodpecker are found in every part of 
the Territory; blackbirds are at home everywhere. Such 
aquatic birds as herons, snipes, sandpipers, cranes, etc., are 
found along the Colorado, the Gila, the Salt, and the larger 
streams. To describe fully the birds of Arizona, would require 
a volume; in brilliancy of plumage, sweetness of song, and 
variety of species, the feathered warblers of the eastern portion 
of the Territory are not excelled in the Union. 

FLORA. 

The flora of Arizona has many distinct peculiarities, and em- 
braces several varieties found nowhere else in the United States. 
For the botanist, the Territory presents a wide field for studj'' 
and investigation. Arizona is the home of the giant cactus, 
called by the aborigines, the sahitaro. This plant sometimes 
reaches a diameter of two feet, and frequently attains a height of 
forty feet. Its body is pale green, fluted like a Corinthian 
column; gigantic arms, like the branches of a candelabrum, put 
out from the m^iin trunk towards its top, the whole being 
covered with sharp, prickly thorns. The ^)lant bears a purple 
blossom, and in the latter part of June a palatable pear-shaped 
2 



18 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

fruit, f rized bj' Mexicans and Indians, and tasting something 
like a iig. 

The frame of the sahuaro is composed of narrow sticks of "wood, 
arranged in the form of a cylinder, and held together by the 
outside fibers. When this " giant of the plains" falls, these 
ribs of v/ood are used for roofing adobe houses, fencing, etc. 
The prickly pear, another sjjecies of the cactus family, is found 
on the elevated mesas throughout the Territory. It attains a 
height of from four to six feet; has large fleshy leaves, which, 
in their tender state, are cooked by the natives, and taste not 
unlike string beans. It bears a pink-colored, pear-shaped fruit, 
palatable and refreshing to the thirsty traveler. The vinegar 
cactus, another variety of the plant, bears a small, deep-red 
berrj^ exceedingly acid in taste, vv'hich is used by the Indians as 
an antiscorbutic. 

The hianaga, or " well of the desert," is one of the most valued 
varieties of the cactus; it seldom reaches a height of over four 
feet, is of a cylindrical shape, covered by sharp thorns. The 
plant grows on the foothills and elevated plains. By cutting 
out the center, a bowl-shaped cavity is formed, which soon fills 
with water, affording to the thirsty wanderer a refreshing drink; 
the bisnaga also bears a bright yellow fruit, which is not un- 
palatable. There are many other varities of the cactus in all 
parts of the Territory, one of the most uninviting being the 
choUa, which sometimes grows to a height of five feet, with 
numerous branches covered with bunches of coarse thorns. A 
beautiful plant, which in the sj^ring puts forth green leaves and 
scarlet blossoms and is found all over the table lands of Ari- 
zona, is the ocot'dlo. It is by some classed with the cactus fam- 
ily; grows in clusters of straight poles, from ten to fifteen feet 
in height, covered with sharp thorns. The plant is used ex- 
tensively for fencing in portions of the Territory where there is 
a scarcity of wood. 

The maguey, or mescal, sometimes called the century plant, is 
found on every hill and plateau of Arizona, and is the most use- 
ful of all the natural vegetable products of the Territory. It is 
brought under a high state of cultivation in Mexico, and is a 
source of large revenue in many portions of that country. Its 
long, sharp-pointed green leaves branch from the root to a 
height of three or four feet; they are fleshy and stiff, their edges 
being covered with thorns. The center of the plant is a large 
head, something like a cabbage, from which springs a slender 
pole, eight to twelve feet in height, bearing near its top, short 
branches which produce a yellow flower. The head is the valu- 
able part, and is looked upon by the Apaches as their chief arti- 
cle of food. In preparing it for use the leaves are peeled off, 
the head is placed in a primitive oven made of round stones 
sunk in the ground, and roasted; it is then ready for use, is 
sweet and nutritious, tasting like a boiled beet. The Indians 
also make it into flat cakes, which were their principal means of 
subsistence when on the war-path, during the long and bloody 

The juice is sometimes extracted, 



FAUNA AND FLORA. 19 

ami makes a sjTup that is very palatable; the Indians also fer- 
ment it and produce an intoxicating liquor called (izicin. The 
Mexicans distill the plant and make " mescal." It is as clear as 
gin, has the strong smok}' taste of Scotch whisky, and will in- 
toxicate as quickly as either. The Indians make ropes from the 
fiber of the jDlant, and a fine quality of paper has also been 
manufactured from it. Of all the plants growing within the 
limits of the Territory, it is the most valuable; it contains a 
large amount of saccharine matter, while its fibers can be util- 
ized for the making of many useful articles. 

The araole, or soap weed, is another of the valuable plants 
indigenous to Arizona, and grows all over its table lands and 
grassy plains. It reaches a height of three or four feet, with 
long and narrow pointed leaves, which make excellent ropes, 
paper, cloth, and other fabrics; the roots are used by the natives 
as a substitute for soap. For washing woolen goods it is supe- 
rior to the soaps of commerce, t)ie flannels being thoroughly 
cleansed without shrinkage; the roots are also used as a hair 
wash, keeping it soft and glossy. 

The hedeiindiUa, or grease wood, covers the hills, table lands 
and dry plains of Arizona, over its entire extent. It grows 
from two to eight feet high, and in the early summer produces 
a yellow blossom; wh«n the leaves are rubbed between the 
hands an unpleasant odor is produced and a greasy substance 
adheres to the fiugers. A gum is obtained from this plant 
which is said to be valuable for medicinal purposes. Among 
the other useful plants of the Territory ma}' be mentioned the 
pedis and the creosote bush; the former has an odor like 
essence of lemon. No doubt there are many other plants and 
shrubs, rich in medicinal qualities, which will be brought to 
light when the flora of Arizona is fully classified and thoroughly 
known. 

Grapes, wild cherries, currants, strawberries, and blackberries, 
are found in the mountains and valleys of northern, central, and 
eastern Arizona. The native grapes are rich in saccharine mat- 
ter, and produce a very palatable wine, tasting like light claret. 
"Walnuts are plentiful in the mountains and foothills of central 
Arizona. The wild coffee plant is found on the plateau of the 
central portion of the Territory; the berry looks like the coffee 
of commerce and the flavor bears a slight resemblance to the 
domestic article. 

Piue, cedar, and juniper, cover the mountains and table lands 
of northern and eastern Arizona; the great forest of the Mogol- 
lon range extends south almost to the Gila river and contains 
some of the finest piue timber on the continent. In the mount- 
ains south of the Gila, pine is found around the summits of the 
Piualeno, the Santa Catariua, the Santa Eita, the Huachuca, 
and the Chiricahua ranges, while the rolling foothills are covered 
with a magnificent growth of oak. Sycamore, ash, walnut, elder, 
and Cottonwood are found along the water-courses in all parts 
of the Territory. Among the valuable woods of Arizona is the 
mesquite. This tree is a native of the region south of the Great 



20 THE nESOUECES OF ARIZONA, 

plateau, and is nearly always found in good soil. Alon^ the 
Gila, the Salt river, the Lower Colorado and the Santa Gruz 
Yalleys, large forests are often met v/ith, manj' trees growing to 
a height of thirty feet. It is a close-grained wood, makes ex- 
cellent wagon timber and splendid fuel. The tree is bushy in 
appearance, with a leaf resembling the locust; it bears large 
quantities of a hean-like fruit, which constitutes one of the 
chief articles of food among the Indians in the southern jDor- 
tiou of the Territory. These beans make excellent food for cat- 
tle and horses. A dark-looking liquid exudes from the tree 
during the summer months, in color and consistency like gum 
arable. The mesquite makes a handsome shade tree, and is one 
of the most valuable of the native woods of the Territory. 

The i^alo verde, or green tree, is a native of the soil; it is 
found on the dry mesas, rolling hills and barren plains of the 
south and south-west. It seldom attains a height of over twelve 
feet; its branches are covered with thorns; its wood is soft and 
spongy, and it does not make even good fire-wood. The iron 
wood is a species of the mesquite, which it much resembles. 
It is a heavy, close-grained wood, susceptible of a high polish; 
when dry it is hard and brittle and almost impossible to cut 
with an ax. The bean it bears is similar to the mesquite, and 
contains as high as 35 per cent, of gr^ipe sugar; the Indians 
prize it highly as an article of food. 

Of the grasses of Arizona, the most widely distributed is the 
black and white gramma, which grows in nearly every part of 
the Territory. A coarse grass called the gayeiie is found in the 
Avest and south-western portions of the country. In the higher 
regions, the pine, the mesquite, and other varieties, are met 
with. The coarse bunch grass, known as the buffalo, is found 
growing in many of the southern valleys and foothills. The 
grasses of the country are rich and nutritious, keeping stock iu 
prime condition all seasons of the year. 

FISH. 

Although not coming properly within the scope of this di- 
vision, something about the fishes of the Territory may not be 
out of place here. In the Colorado there is a species of the 
finny tribe known as the " Colorado salmon." They are a fish 
tasting something like a sturgeon, and reaching a large size, 
some weighing 70 pounds having been taken near Yuma. In 
the Gila there is a fish resembling a sucker; it is found in large 
numbers and is well-flavored. What is known as the " Verde 
trout " is found in that stream and its tributaries; it resembles 
the mountain trout, and wei'e it not for the number of bones, 
would be a valuable food fish. A fish called the humpback is 
found in the Salt river, and some weighing four pounds have 
been taken. A fish resembling a trout is also found in the 
Salt; it is of little value, being composed mostly of bones. In 
the headwaters of the Colorado Chiquito, and in the cold and 
sparkling streams which flow down from the Mogollon and the 
Sierra Blanco mountfiins, trout are found in abundance. These 



COUNTIES AND BOUNDAEIES. 21 

streams, fed by hetivy winter snows, are alive witb tliis valuable 
fish, many of them weighinof three and four pounds. In the 
upper waters of the Gila is found what is known as the. white 
trout; it is a well-fiavored and palatable fish. The Legislature 
of 1880-81 passed an act for stocking the rivers and lakes 
of the Territor}^ with carp and other varieties suited to the 
climate. Already steps have been taken by the Commissioners 
appointed under the provisions of the act to carrj' out its 
objects, and Arizouans can hope in a few years to see the 
water-courses throughout the Territory well provided with a 
good supply of food fishes. 

Newspaper correspondents and " tender-foot " visitors have 
given Arizona an unenviable notoriety for the number, size, 
and venom of its reptiles and poisonous insects. The truth is 
they are not as numerous or dangerous as in many of the West- 
ern States. On the rolling plains and mesas several species of 
the rattlesnake are met with, but are far less numerous than 
has been popularly supposed. It is stated that in one explor- 
ing expedition of over 2,000 miles, not more than twenty snakes 
were observed. In the lofty mountain, ranges they are rarely 
met with. Small-sized lizards are found everywhere on the 
dry mesas and plains, and the horned toad is at home in many 
localities. The saurian known as the '* Gila monster," is found 
in the southern part of the Territory; it is a large species of the 
lizard, and makes its home on the barren plains that stretch 
along the Gila and its tributaries, below the canyon. It is red 
and black in color, is covered with scales like the alligator, and 
is entirely harmless. It sometimes attains a length of two feet. 
This variety of the lizard is peculiar to Arizona, and is consid- 
ered one of the institutions of this peculiar country. 



COUNTIES AND BOUNDARIES. 

The Territory of Arizona is divided into ten counties, namely: 
Pima, Yavapai, Maricopa, Mohave, Apache, Yuma, Pinal, 
Cachise, Gila, and Graham. 

PIMA. 
Pima count}', the oldest inhabited portion of th» Territory, is 
bounded on the north by Maricopa and Pinal, on the east by 
Cachise, on the south by Sonora, and on the west by Yuma 
county. The western portion of the county consists of drj', 
rolling plains, with isolated peaks and detached mountain 
ranges. It is covered with a sparse growth of grass, and in 
places, with mesquite wood. "Water is scarce in this region, 
but wherever it is found grazing is excellent. Its mountains 
are rich in gold, silver, and copper. This part of the Territory 
is the home of the Papago Indians, and is known as the Papa- 
gueria. Pima county, south and east of Tucson, may be de- 



22 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

scribed as a country of plains, rolling liills, and lofty mount- 
ains. The Santa Ritas and the Patagonia ranges are well 
watered and timbered, while their slopes are covered with fine 
grasses. To the north the rocky Santa Catarina stretches away 
toward the canyon of the Gila. The Santa Cruz flows through 
the county, leaving a rich and productive valley. Pima has fine 
grazing lauds, and its mountains are rich in minerals. 

YAYAFAI. 
Yavapai county extends from the thirty-fourth to the thirty- 
seventh degree of latitude, and embraces nearly three de- 
grees of longitude. It contains nearly one-third of the entire 
area of the Territory. It is bounded on the north by Utah, on 
the east by Apache county, on the south by Maricopa and Gila 
counties, and on the west by Mohave county. It embraces the 
larger portion of the Great Colorado plateau, and its general 
elevation is from four to seven thousand feet above the level of 
the sea. Its physical features maybe described as an immense 
elevated table land, crossed in all directions by lofty mountain 
ranges, adorned by beautiful valleys, and seamed and riven by 
deep can^'ons and rocky gorges. The mountains carry a fine 
growth of pine, oak, and juniper, while the uplands are covered 
with a luxuriant growth of nutritious grasses. The count}' is 
watered by the Colorado Chiquito, the Verde, the Agua Fria, 
the Hassayampa, the Santa Maria, and many other streams. 
That portion of the county south of the thirty-fifth parallel is 
rich in minerals of almost every description. The grazing 
resources of Yavapai are not excelled in the Territory. In the 
north-eastern corner of the county is that remarkable region 
known as the Painted desert, composed of mighty columns 
which have been left standing in solitary grandeur by slow de- 
nudations which have been at work for ages. This wild and 
weird region partakes of the character of the " Fata Morgana." 
Explorers say that on its air are depicted "palaces, hanging 
gardens, colonnades, temples, fountains, lakes, fortifications 
Avith flags flying on their ramparts, landscapes, woods, groves, 
orchards, meadows, and companies of men and women,' herds 
of cattle, deer, antelope, etc., all painted with such an admir- 
able mixture of light and shade that it is impossible to form 
any conception of the picture without seeing it." The Indians 
call it the country of departed spirits. 

MARICOPA. 

Maricopa county is bounded on the north by Yavapai, on the 
east by Gila and Pinal, on the south by Pinal and Pima, and 
on the west by Yuma. The western portion of the county is 
composed of broad plains, crossed b}' rugged mountains, cov- 
ered with coarse grasses, with mesquite and palo verde Avood 
growing in many places. The Gila river enters the county 
near Maricopa Wells and flows for nearly 100 miles through 
the western portion of it, making a rich and productive 
valley. Salt river, in its course through Maricopa, flows 



COUNTIES AND BOUNDAEIES. 23 

through the finest body of agricultural land in the Territory. 
That portion ot Maricopa north and east of Phoenix, is a 
rugged, mountainous region, intersected by spurs from the 
Mazatzal and the Verde ranges, and known to be rich in min- 
erals. Maricopa, besides its great agricultural and mineral 
resources, contains some fine grazing lands along the Gila, the 
Upper Salt, and the Verde. 

MOHAVE. 
Mohave count}' occupies the north-western corner of the Ter- 
ritory. It is bounded on the west by the Colorado river, on the 
north by Utah and Nevada, on the east by Yavapai, and on the 
south by Yuma. 'Mohave is a region of rugged mountain ranges, 
with immense valleys, covered with coarse but nutritious grasses. 
Four well-defined ranges, the Sacramento, the Cerbat, the 
Hualapai, and the Cottonwood, pursue a parallel course through 
that portion of the county south and east of the Colorado. 
"Water is found in these mountains, and nearly all of them are 
mineral-bearing. Mohave has some fine grazing land, but its 
agricultural resources are limited to the valley of the Big Sandy 
and the Colorado. But little is known of the region north of 
the Colorado, though it is supposed to be an elevated plateau, 
crossed by mountains, seamed by canyons, and generally desti- 
tute of water. 

APACHE. 

Apache county occupies the north-eastern portion of the Ter- 
ritory. It is bounded on the north by Colorado, on the east 
by New Mexico, on the south by Graham and Gila counties, 
and on the west by Yavapai. Apache embraces a large area of 
the Colorado plateau, and its elevation above the sea level is from 
five to seven thousand feet, while some of its commanding 
peaks attain a height of over 11,000 feet. That portion of the 
county north of the Colorado Chiquito and the Rio Puerco, is 
composed of elevated table lands, isolated mountains, and deep 
and narrow canyons. In the northern end of the county is the 
remarkable plateau called tlie Mesa la Vaca, elevated about 
1,000 feet above the surrounding formation. This is the great 
coal region of Arizona, which extends across the north-western 
portion of Apache county. This elevated region is covered by 
a growth of fine grass, crowned with stunted pines and cedars. 
"Water is not plentiful. The extreme north-eastern corner of the 
count}', through which flow the Rio de Chelly and its tributa- 
ries, is included in the Navajo Indian reservation. That part 
of Apache south of the thirty-fifth parallel is one of the best- 
timbered and watered portions of Arizona. The snowfall in 
this part of the territory is very heavy, giving rise to many 
beautiful, clear, mountain streams, which flow out through 
lovely valleys all the year round. The ranges of the Mogollon 
and the Sierra Blanco traverse this region, their summits cov- 
ered with a heavy growth of ^mber, while the valleys and mesas 
are carpeted with rich and luxuriant grasses. The valley of the 
Colorado Chiquito contains fine farming land, and sufficient 



24 THE KESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

water for irrigation. Apache county lias some of the best graz- 
ing lands in the Territory. In romantic and picturesque 
mountain scenery it is not equaled in Arizona. 

GRAHAM. 
Graham county, which has just heen organized from por- 
tions of Pima and Ai')ache, is bounded on the north by Apache, 
on the east by New Mexico, on the south by Cachise, and on 
the west by Pinal and Gila. The Gila river floAvs through the 
center of the county, making a rich and fertile valley, which is 
being brought under a high state'of cultivation. The Galiuro, 
the Pinaleno, and the Peloncillo ranges extend through the 
county south of the Gila, while ftorth of that stream, the Gila 
mountains, the Sierra Natanes, and the Sierra de Petahaj'a 
cross its surface in everj' direction. The mountains are gener- 
ally well wooded, while the broad valleys which lie between are 
covered with rich grasses, affording pasturage for large herds 
of cattle. The county is well supplied with water, and contains 
valuable mineral deposits near it eastern border. 

GILA. 

Gila countj^, called into existence by the last session of the 
Legislature, is bounded on the north by Yavapai, on the east 
by Graham and Apache, on the south by Pinal, and on the 
west by Pinal and Maricopa. It is a compact, mineral country, 
crossed in all directions by detached spurs and rolling uplands. 
The Pinal range is heavily timbered, and the whole county is 
covered with rich grasses. The Salt river flows nearly through 
the center of the county, while its southern border is Avashed 
by the Gila river. Gila is rich in gold, silver, and copper, and 
has, also, some fine cattle ranges. Its agricultural resources 
are confined to a narrow strip above the Salt river canyon, and 
the valley of the Gila and San Carlos, now included in the San 
Carlos Indian reservation. 

PINAL. 

Pinal county is bounded on the south by Pima, on the west 
by Maricopa, on the north by Maricopa and Gila, and on the 
east by Graham. South of the Gila, the county is made up 
of open, barren plains and isolated groups of rugged mountains. 
These plains are covered with rich gramma grasses, but devoid 
of water. The valley of the Gila, which flows through the 
county from east to west, is one of the most productive spots 
in the Territory, and yields large crops of grain and vegetables. 
Tlie north-eastern part of the county is crossed by the Super- 
stition, Mescal, and Salt Eiver mountains. They are rich in 
mineral, though deficient in limber. The eastern corner of 
Pinal, south of the Gila, contains some fine farming and 
grazing land. The San Pedro flows through the county for 
nearly 40 miles, and its rich but narrow valley is under a high 
state of cultivation. Coal has also been discovered in this 
region, with every promise of permanency. 



CHIEF TOWNS. 25 

CACHISE. 
Cacbise county occupies the extreme south-eastern corner of 
the Territory. It was org-auized iu 1881, from a portion of 
Pima county. It is bounded on the south by Sonora, on the 
west by Pima, on the north by Graham, and on the east by New 
Mexico. The massive chain of the Chiricahua runs through 
the county in the east, while the Hnachuca, the Whetstone, the ' 
Dragoon, the Mule mountains, and the Galiuro ranges cross it 
from the north to south, in the west. All of these mountains 
are covered with pine,' oak, and juniper, while the broad valleys 
that lie between, and the rolling table lands bear a generous 
growth of nutritious grasses. The San Pedro flows through 
the county from its southern to its northern boundary, carrying 
sufificieut water to irrigate the rich and fertile valley that 
stretches along its banks. To the east of the Chiricahua range 
is the great valley of the San Simon, an immense extent of line 
grazing land, with water to be found along its entire extent, 
within a few feet of the surface. The mountain ranges of Ca- 
chise are well watered, while the wonderful richness of their 
mineral deposits has attracted the attention of the entire 
country. 

YUMA. 

Yuma county, which comprises the south-western portion of 
the Territory, is bounded on the west by tbe Colorado river. On 
the north by Mohave, on the east by Maricopa and Pima, 
and on the south by Sonora. The Gila river flows through the 
county for nearly 100 miles, making in its course a fine valley, 
which is susceptible of high cultivation. The eastern portion 
of the county is composed of a high table land, with detached, 
rugged mountains crossing it in all directions. This table land 
is covered with coarse grasses, and affords excellent grazing, 
where water can be had. Many of the isolated ranges are 
known to be rich in minerals. That portion of Yuma county 
lying along the Colorado is traversed from north to south by 
parallel ranges of scorched and barren mountains, such as Castle 
Dome, the Plomosa, the Chocolate, and many other broken and 
detached ranges, nearl}'^ all of which are rich in the precious 
metals. Besides the farming land along the Gila, Yuma has a 
large and productive valley on the Colorado. 



CHIEF TOWNS. 

TUCSON. 

Tucson, the county seat of Pima county, is situated on a 
sloping mesa on the right bank of the Santa Cruz river. It 
stands iu a wide plain, surroumled on all sides by mountain 
ranges. It is about midway between the Gila river and the 
boundary line of Sonora, and is about 250 miles east of the 
Colorado river, and nearly 300 miles north of the harbor of 



26 , THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

Guaymas, on the Gulf of California. It is situated near lati- 
tude 32° 20' north, and in longitude 110° 55' west from Green- 
wich. The early history of Tucson is involved in obscurity. It 
is generally believed that it was established as a Spanish mili- 
tary station to protect the mission of San Xavier del Bac, about 
the year 1G94. Tucson remained a small and insignificant pue- 
blo until tlie California gold fever of '4.9 and '50, when the 
rush of adventurers along the southern route to the golden 
shores of the Pacific infused new life into the sleepy old town. 
After the occupation of the country by th,e American troops, in 
1855, Tucson became the most important point in the Territory, 
and its growth has been steady ever since. With the comple- 
tion of the Southern Pacific railroad, the old pueblo has made 
rapid strides in jjopulation, wealth, and material jDrosperity, and 
contains, at the present time, between seven and eight thou- 
sand inhabitants, many of whom are Mexican. Tucson, in its 
general appearance, resembles a Spanish-American town. The 
houses, built of adobe, or sun-dried brick, are generally of one 
story, with flat roofs, and narrow doors and windows, with 
court-j^ards in the interior. The streets in the older part of the 
town are narrow and tortuous, and the houses make very little 
pretensions to architectural beauty. The advent of the railroad, 
however, has drawn hither an active, energetic American popu- 
lation, and the old order of things is being rapidly done away 
with. Tucson contains the largest mercantile houses in the Ter- 
ritory, who do a heavy trade with Sonora and the northern States 
of Mexico. Tlie business of the town for 1880, amounted to 
over $7,000,000. The place contains some fine private resi- 
dences, which would be a credit to any town on the coast. 
The Catholic cathedral is an imposing structure, built of brick 
and adobe. The Presbyterian church is a tasteful building 
of sun-dried brick. The Baptists have also a place of wor- 
ship, and the Methodists have laid the foundation for a large 
and handsome, edifice. Besides the public school, which is 
largely attended, the Sisters of St. Joseph have an academy for 
girls, with an attendance of nearly 100 pupils. A parochial 
school is also maintained with an enrollment of 285 pupils — 160 
males, and 125 females. The Odd Fellows, Masons, Knights of 
Pythias, Good Templars, and United Workmen, have flourish- 
ing lodges. Tucson has two banking-houses, four hotels, two 
breweries, two flouring mills, a foundry, and large mercantile 
establishments in every branch of trade. Three daily and 
weekly newspapers are published here. The Arizona Star, by 
L. C. Hughes, is a bright and able chronicle of the wants and 
resources of the southerrr country; the Arizona Journal, by F. 
B. Thompson, is a reliable and newsy exponent of public senti- 
ment, and an active champion of the material interests of the 
country; the Arizona CUizen, the second oldest newspaper in 
the Territory, is conducted with ability by E. C. Brown, and is 
devoted to the vast and varied resources of Pima county and 
Southern Arizona. El Front0nzo, by Carlos Yelasco, is pub- 
lished weekly, and supplies the Si^anish-speaking population 



CHIEF TOWNS. 27 

with the current news in their native tongue. The suburbs of 
Tucson afford some pleasant drives. San Xavier church is nine 
miles up the Santa Cruz, while Fort Lowell is at the base of 
the Santa Catarina mountains, seven miles away. The valley 
of the Santa Cruz, opposite Tucson, presents a beautiful ap- 
pearance, with its green fields and groves of cottonwood. Sit- 
uated on the main highway between the east and west, and on 
the direct route to the Gulf, with one railroad passing through 
it, and others j^rojected, and with the rich mineral belt lying all 
around it, Tucson has every reason to feel secure in its future. 

TOMBSTONE. 

Tombstone, the county seat of Cachise county, is one of those 
mining towns which has sprung into existence, as if by magic, 
from the discovery of the wonderfully rich ore bodies which 
surround it on all sides. A little more than two years ago, the 
site of the present town was a desolate waste; to-day an active, 
energetic population of over G,000 souls gives life and animation 
to its crowded streets. The town is built on a mesa at the 
southern end of the Dragoon mountains, nine miles east of the 
San Pedro river, about seventy miles south-east of Tucson and 
twenty-eight miles south of Benson, on the Southern Pacific 
railroad. It is situated near latitude 31° 30' north, and in 
longitude 110° west of Greenwich. The first house was erected 
in April, 1879, and since then its growth has been remarkable. 
Surrounded on all sides by immense bodies of rich ore, Tomb- 
stone presents the appearance of a typical mining camp in the 
full tide of prosperity. The town is built of wood and adobes. 
It contains many fine business houses, a large and commodious 
theater and public hall, four large hotels, two banks, and 
numerous private residences, displaying both taste and comfort. 
It contains four churches: Methodist, a handsome edifice, Cath- 
olic, Presbyterian and Episcopal. It has one public school, 
which is largely attended, and also a private academy, which 
receives generous patronage. 

Tombstone is the center of an immense area of rich rpineral 
territory. It has a large and growing trade with the adjacent 
mining camps, and with Sonora. Its mercantile houses carry 
heavy stocks, and do a thriving business. Tombstone has two 
newspapers, the Nugget and the Epitaph, published daily and 
weekly. The former is the pioneer journal of the camp, and in 
its general make-up and the ability displayed in its columns, is 
worthy of the generous support it is receiving. It is conducted 
by H. M. Woods. The Epitaph is a live, newsy journal, devoted 
to the vast resources of the Tombstone region, and has worked 
incessantly to bring those resources to the attention of the out- 
side world. Clum & Keppy are its proprietors. Water is 
brought to the town in iron pipes from the Dragoon mount- 
ains, sixteen miles away. A project is on foot to tap the cool 
springs in the Huachacas, twenty-one miles distant, which 
would supply the town with pure mountain water for all time 
to come. Tombstone is at present one of the most active towns 



23 THE EESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

on tlie Pacific coast. New buildings are going up constantly, 
while rich discoveries are being brought to light in the vast 
mineral belt which extends in all directions. Its future growth 
and prosperity is assured, and it promises yet to rival the me- 
tropolis of the Comstock in its most prosperous days. 

PRESCOTT. 

Prescott, the capital of Arizona, and the county seat of 
Yavapai county, is situated in a beautiful mountain glade, sur- 
rounded by the northern spurs of the Sierra Prieta. The town 
was laid out in May, 1864, and named " in honor of the 
eminent American writer and standard authority upon Aztec 
and Spanish American historj'." Its site is in latitude 34° 30' 
north, and in longitude 112° 30' west from Greenwich. The 
town has a beautiful situation, being surrounded by low hills, 
crowned with loft}^ pines, and covered with fine grasses. The 
streets are broad and laid out with tlie cardinal points of 
compass. In the center of the town is a large plaza, in which 
stands the county court-house, the finest structure in the 
Territory. It is built of brick and stone, two stories in height, 
with a mansard roof, crowned by a handsome tower. Prescott 
has the appearance of a homelike, Eastern town. Its buildings 
are of wood, brick, and stone. It contains the handsomest 
mercantile establishments in the Territory, many of which 
would be a credit to older and more pretentious communities. 
It is the center of an extensive mining, pastoral, and agricul- 
tural region, and has a large and prosperous trade. Besides 
its fine business establishments, Prescott can show many elegant 
private residences. It has a fine theater and a large i^ublic 
hall. Three saw mills are in constant operation near the town. 

Prescott has one bank, a fine brick structure 72 by 29 feet, 
and two stories in height, two hotels, three breweries, fifteen 
mercantile establishments, and, like all frontier towns, numer- 
ous saloons. The town is situated about 5,500 feet above sea 
level, and possesses one of the most delightful climates on the 
continent; and with its pine-covered hills, green valleys, and 
beautiful gardens, is one of the most attractive towns on the 
Pacific coast. The Catholics, the Methodists, the Baptists, the 
Presbj^terians and the Congregationalists, have handsome 
churches. A fine brick school-house, two stories in height, is 
one of the ornaments of the town. The Masons, the Odd 
Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, and the Foresters have 
flourishing societies. Two newspapers are published here, the 
Arizona MUier, the oldest newspaper in the Territory, and the 
Arizona Democrat. The former is conducted by C. W. Beach, 
and is untiring in its efforts to give publicity to the vast re- 
sources of Northern Arizona. The Democrat is owned and 
edited by Hon. Gideon J. Tucker, formerly of the Albany Argus 
and the New York Daily News. It is ably conducted, and 
justW appreciated for its devotion to the material interests of 
the Territory'. The population of Prescott is about two thou- 
sand. With its charming situation, fine climate, and the varied 



CHIEF TOWNS. 29 

resources nvliicli surround it, the town ia destined to be a place 
of importance. 

rH(ENIX. 

Pbcenix, the county seat of Maricopa county, is situated in 
the great Salt river valley, twenty-five miles above the junction 
of the Gila and the Salt rivers, and about two miles north of the 
latter stream, ninety miles south of Prescott, and twenty-eight 
miles north of the Southern Pacific railroad at Maricopa 
station. It is in hititude 33° 25' north and in longitude 112° 
west. The first settlement was made in December, 1870, in 
what was then a barren desert. By bringing the fertilizing- 
waters of the Salt river over the plain, the vallej' has been made 
the most fertile and productive in the Territory. Phceuix is*a 
beautiful town, with wide streets shaded with groves of cotton- 
wood trees, and cooled by streams of water running through 
the principal thoroughfares. It is the center of trade for the 
productive farming region which surrounds it on all sides, and 
has a number of handsome mercantile establishments which do 
a prosperous business. It has three churches, Methodist, Pres- 
byterian and Catholic, all handsome structures. The houses 
ai'e generally built of adobe, as that material is found to be best 
adapted to this climate. A large, two-story brick school-house, 
is one of the chief adornments of the town. The Odd Fellows, 
Masons, Eed Men, United Order of Workmen, and Good Tem- 
plars have organizations here. The Maricopa Library Associa- 
tion is one of the most prosperous societies in the town. Two 
newspapers are published in Phoenix, the Phoenix Herald and 
the Arizona Gaz'Hie, the former by John J. Gosper, and 
the latter by McNeil & Co.; they are both well conducted, 
newsy journals, able exponents of the interests of the people 
and the resources of the Salt river valley, and are published 
daily and weekly. The population of Phoenix is about 1500, 
and is rapidly increasing. With its splendid water facilities 
and rich soil, with its fine farms, beautiful gardens, and shady 
groves, Phoenix is a handsome and a prosperous town, with a 
bright future before it. 

GLOBE. 

Globe, the chief town of Gila county and its county seat, is 
situated on Pinal creek, a tributary of the Salt river, about 120 
miles north-west from Wilcox station on the Southern Pacific 
railroad, and about 90 miles north-east of Florence. It is a 
live mining town in the midst of a rich and extensive mineral - 
belt. The place has a pleasant situation in the valley of Pinal 
creek, surrounded by rolling grassy hills, and backed by the 
lofty, pine-covered Pinal mountains to the south. The town is 
built principally of wood and brick, and presents a neat and 
attractive appearance. It has tAvelve mercantile houses, one 
bank, two hotels, a handsome Methodist church, a fine public 
school-house, two wagon shops, two drug stores, blacksmith 
shops, breweries, and several saloons. The town sprang up 
after the rich silver discoveries in this region in 187G. It has • 
now a population of over 1,000, and a large and steadily grow- 



30 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

ing tratle "with the mining camps adjacent. Globe Las two 
weekly newspapers, the Silver Bell and tlie Chronicle. The 
former is conducted, by Judge Hackney, and is a reliable and 
consistent advocate of the wants and interests of Gila county, 
andthe Territory in general. The Chronicle is owned by W. H. 
Glover, and is a staunch friend to its section and a credit to Arizona 
journalism. Globe has an eligible situation in the center of a 
vast mineral and grazing region, and is growing steadily. 

FLORENCE. 

Florence, the principal town of Pinal county, is situated 
about 25 miles north-east of Casa Grande, on the Southern Pacific 
railroad, 80 miles north of Tucson, and 45 miles south-east of 
Phoenix. The town has a beautiful situation in the rich valley 
of the Gila. It is surrounded by groves of cottonwood, clear 
streams of water flow through every street, and beautiful gar- 
dens, where fruits and flowers grow luxuriantly, make it one of. 
the most attractive towns in the Territory. Its buildings are 
principallj' of adobe, many of them tastefully adorned. Flor- 
ence has several large business houses, two hotels, two commo- 
dious public schools, a Catholic church, a brewery, restaurants, 
saloons, and two flouring-mills. The town was laid out in 
18G8, and has a population of 800, one third of whom are Mex- 
ican. It is the county seat of Pinal.' The Territorial Enier- 
2)ri>ie, a weekly newspaper, is published here. It is an able and 
industrious champion of the many resources of that portion of 
the Territory. Florence is about 500 feet above sea level, in the 
center of one of the finest bodies of agricultural land in the 
Q'erritory, and with rich mines north, south, and east, will 
always be a prosperous town. 

YUMA. 

Yuma, the county seat of Yuma county, is situated near the 
junction of the Gila with the Rio Colorado, and about twenty 
miles north of the Sonoi-a line. On a commanding bluff, 
opposite the town, on the California side of the river, is Fort 
Yuma, built on the site of a mission established here by the 
Spanish fathers as early as 1771, and destroyed by the Yuma 
Indians ten years later. The first settlement at the site of the 
town of Yuma was made by Dr. Lincoln and others in 1849, 
who established a ferr}^ over the Colorado to accommodate the 
thousands who flocked to the newly discovered gold region of 
California. An outbreak among the Indians destroyed the 
ferry and killed all the owners, except three persons. In 1850, 
the ferry, was again started by Don Diego Jaeger and others. 
This party were again attacked in 1851 by the Indians, who 
compelled them to abandon their enterprise and retreat to 
California. In 1852, Heintzelmau and Stoneman (both of 
whom afterwards rose to high commands in the civil war), 
marched across the Colorado desert with a detachment of 
United States troops, and established the post of Fort Yuma. 
The ferry was again started, and the village of Arizona City 



CHIEF TOWNS. 31 

grew up around it. In 18G4, Yuma was made the distributing* 
point for the military posts in Arizona, and advaiiced rapidly in 
population and business. It contains several large stores, 
three hotels (one owned by the railroad company), a large wagon 
shop, blacksmith shops, saloons, etc. It has one public school 
with a daily attendance of 50. The Sisters of Charity have 
also a flourishing school at this place. The Territorial prison 
is situated here. It is a secure and roomy structure, built of 
stone, and situated on a bluff above the Colorado. The railroad 
company have built extensive shops at this point and give em- 
ployment to a large number of men; they have also erected a 
tine bridge over the Colorado. The population is about 1,200. 
Yuma has two newspapers, the Sentinel and the Arizona Free 
Press. The former is conducted by J. W. Dorrington, and sets 
forth the local news of its section in an attractive manner. 
The Free Press is owned and edited by Samuel Purdy, Jr. It 
is an interesting journal, conducted with marked ability, and 
has done much to bring to notice the resources of Yuma county. 
Yuma's situation at the junction of the two largest streams in 
the Territory, the rich mining country which lies to the north 
and east of it, and its unrivaled climate for those troubled with 
lung diseases, will always insure its permanency and prosperity. 

MINERAL PARK. 

Mineral Park, the county seat of Mohave county, is situated 
on an elevated bench, on the western slope of the Cerbat range, 
80 miles east of the Colorado river, and about 150 miles north- 
west of Prescott. The town is built mostly of adobe. It is 
the center of a rich mineral region. It was founded in 1871, 
and contains three stores, one hotel, one restaurant, one black- 
smith shop, one public school, and four saloons. It does a 
thriving trade with the surrounding mining camps. The line 
of the thirty-fifth parallel railroad passes about ten miles east 
of the town. Present population about 300. 

FINAL. 

Pinal, a prosperous town in the county of the same name, is 
situated on Queen creek, about thirt_y-live miles north-east of 
Florence. The town is built of wood and a light-colored ba- 
saltic rock, which is found in abundance in the vicinity, and 
which gives the town a permanent and substantial appearance. 
The place has several large stores, two hotels, one bank (a 
handsome structure of stone), restaurants, saloons, blacksmith 
shops, and all the other branches of trade which are found in' 
a prosperous mining town. Pinal has one church, and a public 
school which is well attended. The Pinal Brill is published 
here once a week by J. D. Reyraert. It is a live journal, full 
of the local and general news of its section. The Odd Fellows 
have a fine hall and a flourishing organization in Pinal. The 
mill of the Silver King mining company is situated at this 
point, and many productive mines in the vicinity make Pinal a 
growing and prosperous town. Population about GOO. 



32 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

HARSHAW. 

Harshaw is lively mining camp, situated in the northern 
spurs of the Patagonia mountains. It is built principally of 
■wood. It has several mercantile establishments, who do a 
flourishing trade with Sonora and the adjacent mining camps. 
It has a population of about 600. The line mill of the Her- 
mosa mining company, is located at this point. The place is 
about sevent}' miles south-west from Tucson. The town has a 
delightful situation, surrounded by the oak-covered hills of the 
Patagonia range. It is the center of a rich and extensive 
mineral region, and is destined to be a' place of importance. 

SILVER KING. 

Among the other towns of note in the Territory, may be men- 
tioned Silver King, which has been built up around the 
famous mine of the same name. It is situated about live miles 
from the town of Pinal, and is a thriving mining camp, having 
three stores, two hotels, and several saloons. Population 
about 250. 

CHARLESTON. 

Charleston, in Cachise county, is situated on the San Pedro 
river, about nine miles west of Tombstone. At this point are 
located the reduction works of the Tombstone Milling and Min- 
ing Company. The town has four stores, two hotels, besides 
blacksmith shops, saloons, etc. It is on the main road to So- 
nora, and does a large trade with that State. The population 
of the town is about 300. 

GALEYVILLE. 

Galeyville is a lively mining town, situated on Turkey creek, 
on the eastern slope of the Chiricahua mountains. It is twenty 
miles south of the Southern Pacific railroad, and thirteen miles 
west of the New Mexican line. It has a beautiful situation, 
surrounded by groves of oak. The town was laid out in No- 
vember, 1880, and has a population of about 400. There are 
six stores, four restaurants, two blacksmith shops, two feed and 
livery stables, three butcher shops, thirteen saloons, barber, 
boot and shoe shop, etc. The town is surrounded by a rich 
mineral belt, and promises to become a place of importance. 
The country in the vicinity has an abundance of wood, water, 
and fine grasses. 

ST. JOHNS. 

St. Johns, the county seat of Apache county, is situated on 
the Little Colorado river, about two hundred miles in a direct 
line east of Prescott, and about twenty miles west of the bound- 
ary line of New Mexico. It is in the center of a rich agricul- 
tural and grazing region, contains a population of 700 souls, a 
large portion being Mexicans. The town is on the direct road 
from Fort Wingate to Fort Apache, and about forty miles south 
of the Atlantic and Pacific railroad. A large and commodious 
court-house has recently been erected. The town does a large 



MINING RESOURCES. * 33 

trade in grain and wool, and has four stores, saloons, black- 
smith shops, etc. 

SAFFORD. 

Safford, the county seat of Graham county, is on the Gila 
river, near Camp Thomas, and in the center of that rich farm- 
ing r.egion known as the Pueblo Viejo. The town is steadily 
growing, has a population of about 300, and has a large trade 
with the agricultural region which surrounds it. It contains 
several stores, a hotel, saloons, etc. With its unrivaled farm- 
ing and grazing resources, Safford is destined to become a large 
town. 



MINING RESOURCES. 

The very name of " Arizona" is suggestive of streams yellow 
with golden sands, and mountains glittering with virgin silver. 
Popular belief has long considered this region as a synonym 
for marvelous mineral wealth, and long before that wealth was 
proved to have an existence, tradition and story had woven 
about the name a glamour of golden fancies, which modern en- 
terprise and modern energy are at last about to turn into solid 
facts. The first mention of the Territory in history is con- 
nected with the search for the treasures supposed to be col- 
lected in the Cities of the Bull; but although the expedition did 
not result so successfully as a sfmilar one in an earlier age, 
which sought and found the Gokien Fleece, it was indirectly 
the means of leading to the discovery of the buried treasures 
which underlie the mountains and valleys of this wonderful 
land. The hardy adventurers who followed Coronado littlo 
dreamed that the mountains, plains, and mesas, which they 
jjassed over in their wearisome journey to " Cibola," contained 
riches, which wovild make the fabulous wealth of the Moquis 
cities appear mean and insignificant. It has remained, how- 
ever, for a later age and another race to bring to light this vast 
wealth, and send it forth to benefit mankind, and enlarge and 
enrich the trade and commerce of the globe. The Territory 
of Arizona is one vast mineral field; from the line of Utah 
on the north, to the Mexican border on the south, and from 
the Colorado of the west, to the boundary of New Mexico, 
mineral is found in nearly every mountain range, and in every 
isolated peak. Nowhere on the continent is there such an ex- 
tensive distribution of the precious metals. While in other 
mineral-bearing States and Territories the deposits are confined 
to certain well-defined limits, in Arizona no such distinction 
prevails. It would appear as if nature had here, in a prodigal 
mood, scattered her treasures with a lavish hand, and neglected 
no portion of her chosen mineral domain. 

In the richness and variety of its ores, Arizona is also distin- 
guished from the mining regions of the west. This predomi- 
nating feature of the country was noted at an early period in its 
3 



34 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

history. No mining State or Territory has j'ielded sacb masses 
of pure silver, and few have equaled the wonderful gold de- 
posits of Antelope Hill. To Arizona belongs the honor of 
producing the largest nugget of native silver ever found — 
2,700 pounds. This mass of pure metal was confiscated by Philip 
v., and taken to Madrid. The mine was also declared govern- 
ment property, but it does not apjDear that the royal robber 
ever derived much benefit from it. The many rare and beauti- 
ful combinations in which silver is found make Arizona the 
favorite field of the mineralogist, while the ease and simplicity 
by which these ores are reduced commends itself to investors 
and to metallurgists alike. Pure native silver, chlorides, ruby 
silver, bromides, silver glance, sulphides, carbonates, and sul- 
phurets are the most generally distributed of the silver ores, 
but there are many other varieties peculiar to the Territory, 
which space will not permit to mention here. Gold is most 
generally found in its matrix of quartz. It sometimes occurs 
in conjunction with pyrites of iron, copper, and lead, and is met 
with in its pure state in creeks and gulches in all portions of 
the Territory. Copper is found in red and black oxides, as a 
green and blue carbonate, sometimes as a sulj^hate, and often 
in its native state. Silver ores in Arizona, which assay into 
the thousands, are of common occurrence, and create no com- 
ment. Large quantities of ore going from $5,000 to $10,000 
per ton, have been shipped from the Territory, and several 
mines are steadily producing " rock" that will go from $15,000 
to $20,000 per ton. These are simple facts which can not be 
gainsayed. 

Probably no portion of the mining domain possesses so many 
natural advantages for the successful working of ores. Wood 
and water are abundant in nearly all of the mineral-bearing 
mountain ranges, and in places where water is scarce at the 
surface, a suflacient quantity is found by sinking a short dis- 
tance. The climate of the country can not be excelled. Work 
can be prosecuted all the year round. While mountains of 
snow and intense cold retard operations in other States and 
Territories, Arizona's equable climate' is specially adapted to 
out-door operations, even in the middle of winter. This fact 
alone is worthy the careful consideration of men desiring min- 
ing investments. The old shafts and tunnels which have been 
discovered in various parts of the Territory, show that the 
Si^anish explorers and the early missionaries had proven the 
richness of Arizona mines, and had, in their crude way, worked 
them successfully. The almost indisputable evidence which an 
earlier race of miners have left in several of the gold-bearing 
streams of the Territory, proves conclusively that the people 
who once occupied this land, and whose origin is lost in the 
mists of conjecture, delved for the precious metals in this 
region — at once the oldest and the newest f)ortion of the Amer- 
ican Union. The same difficulties which obstructed the opera- 
tions of Toltec and Spaniard has also stood in the path of their 
Anglo-Saxon successors. Isolation and savagery have retarded 



MINING RESOURCES. 35 

Arizona's development. These two words express the causes 
which have prevented the country's advancement, and deprived 
her of the position which she is soon destined to attain — the 
leading bullion-producer on the globe. 

But now that the savage has succumbed to his destiny, and 
the mountains and valleys which once resounded with his war- 
whooiD, re-echo the music of civilized industry; now that the 
Demon of Isolation, whose shadow hung like a funeral pall 
over the land, has been driven to more distant fields by the 
shriek of the locomotive, Arizona is rapidly coming to the front 
as the most promising mineral region in all North America. 
An army of prospectors are swarming through her valleys 
and mountains; new discoveries are constantly being made; 
mills and furnaces are going up; the yield of bullion is steadily 
on the increase; capital is seeking investment; railroads are 
penetrating in every direction, and henceforth the career of 
Arizona is to be onward and upward. The scope of this 
Avork will not admit of a detailed or elaborate description 
of every mining district in the Territory. It is believed, how- 
ever, that in the following brief summary of the leading camps, 
enough will have been shown to prove all that we have claimed 
for the richness and extent of the mineral field; the natural 
appliances for the reduction of ores, and the unrivaled op- 
portunities which the country presents for the investment of 
capital. 

CACHISE COUNTY. 

In the fall of 1877, Mr. A. E. Sheiffelin, an active and indus- 
trious prospector, was stopping at Camp Huachuca. He made 
frequent trips into the hills now embraced within the limits of 
Tombstone, searching assiduously for "float" and "crop- 
pings." Bands of renegade Indians roamed in the country 
east of the San Pedro at that time, and the whole region, which 
had once been the chosen ground of the famous Cachise and 
his band, was marked with the graves of white victims, who had 
been murdered within its " dark and bloody ground." Sheiffe- 
lin was admonished that he would find a " tombstone," instead 
of a " bonanza," beyond the San Pedro, and would add another 
to the many who found bloody graves among its lonely hills. 
The indomitable prospector paid no heed to these warnings, and 
his pluck and energy met with their just reward. In February, 
1878, he discovered the Lucky Cuss, Tough Nut, and other 
mines which have since attained a national reputation. In remem- 
brance of the solemn joke, he named the district " Tombstone." 
The great richness and extent of the new discoveries soon 
spread far and wide, and thousands rushed to the Silverado of 
the south-west. An army of prospectors swarmed over the 
hills, many other valuable discoveries were made, a city si:)rung 
up as if by magic, mills and hoisting-works were erected, bull- 
ion began to find its way out of the camp, and to-day, a little 
more than three years after its discovery, Tombstone can show 
a population of 7,000 souls, and is one of the most prosperous 
mining camps in the western country. 



36 THE EESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

As near as can be ascertained, the mineral belt of Tombstone 
exteuds nearly eight miles east and west, and about five miles 
north aud south. On the western edge of the district, along 
the San Pedro river, silver had been discovered as far back as 
1859, but the hostility of the Indians prevented any develop- 
ment. The country in which the mines of Tombstone are sit- 
uated may be described as a series of rolling hills, which have 
a gradual ascent until they merge into the Mule mountains on 
the south, and sti'etch away in an undulating plain to the 
Dragoon range on the north. The geological formation of the 
district presents many features worthy of study. Porphyry ap- 
jjears to be the predominating rock, though a capping of lime 
overlies the leading mines of the camp. Quartzite is found 
everywhere, and a granitic formation is met with on the west- 
ern edge of the district. As depth is attained, the surface lime 
disappears and porphj'ry and quartzite constitute the country 
rock. A notable feature of the Tombstone mines is the size of 
the veins and the ease with which the ore is reduced. The silver 
occurs as a chloride with very little base combinations, and can 
be worked by pan process, to 90 per cent, and upwards. The 
cost of extraction is merely nominal, and the facilities for re- 
duction are all that could be desired. The present output of 
bullion is over $500,000 per month, from 140 stamps. This 
yield is being steadily increased, and valuable paying properties 
are being added to the list of bullion producers every mouth. 
It is estimated that the bullion yield for the present year Avill 
amount to $7,000,000. This is a good showing for a camp a 
little over three years old, which did not drop a stamp until 
June, 1879. The daily output of ore at the present time is 
about 500 tons. Fourteen of the leading mines have complete 
hoisting-works with the latest improved machinery. Water has 
been struck in several claims at a depth of between 500 and 600 
feet, but the inflow is as yet very light, and no difficulty is experi- 
enced in getting rid of it. There are over 3,000 locations in 
Tombstone district. In this brief sketch there are doubtless 
many promising properties deserving of notice besides those 
mentioned, but space will not admit of a separate description 
of each. ^ 

The Tombstone Gold and Silver Mining Company own the 
Lucky Cuss, the East Side, Tribute, and Owl's Nest. This 
group constitutes one of the most valuable properties in the 
district. The Tough Nut, the leading mine, is thoroughly 
opened by shafts, drifts, winzes, and open cuts. Immense ore 
bodies, sometimes 20 feet in width, are met with. The ore is 
found in spar and quartz, and is said to average $100 per ton. 
The company have two mills on the San Pedro, one of 10 and 
another of 20 stamps. It has j^aid dividends from the start, 
and has a large surplus on hand. This is the first organized 
company in the district. It employs about 125 men, and its 
production of bullion up to date, is said to be about $1,000,000. 
The Grand Central Company's property is embraced in a claim 
1500 feet in length and 600 feet in width. It is incorporated 



MINING RESOUKCES. 37 

under the laws of Ohio, witb a capital of $10,000,000, divided 
into 100,000 shares. It is a maguificeut property. The vein is 
from 8 to 12 feet wide, and runs from $80 to $100 per ton. 
The main shaft is down 500 feet, with three levels — 500, 1100, 
and GOO feet, respectively. The reduction works consist of 30 
stamps on the San Pedro, which are kept constantly at work. 
While only in operation a few months, it is estimated that 
$500,000 has already been produced. Regular dividends are 
declared,' and the property is steadily increasing in value as 
depth is reached. The Western Company own the Contention, 
one of the first locations in the district, which has produced 
a large amount of bullion. The property joins the Grand 
Central on the north. The writer was not permitted to see the 
mine, and therefore can say nothing definite about its present 
condition. 

The Girard has a shaft 400 feet in depth and a vein from 4 
to 6 feet in width. The ore is of high grade and has milled 
$100 per ton. The property is incorporated in Jersey City with 
a capital of $2,000,000, divided into 200,000 shares. The com- 
pany have put up tine hoisting-works and will soon have a mill 
in operation on the San Pedro. The Head Center embraces 
1,300 feet in length and 500 feet in width. It is incorporated 
under the laws of the State of California with a capital of $10,- 
000,000, in 200,000 shares. The vein averages from 4 to 8 feet, 
yielding about $70 per ton, about 45 per cent, of the bullion 
being gold. The company own a 10-stamp mill near Conten- 
tion City. The main shaft is down 600 feet. The first level is 
500 feet, the second 400, and the third 500. Hoisting machin- 
ery of the most improved pattern has been erected. The Vi- 
zina is incorporated under the laws of the State of New York 
on a basis of $5,000,000 and 50,000 shares. The mine is 
opened by three shafts, the deepest being about 400 feet. It 
is the intention of the company to erect a mill at an early day. 
Meanwhile the mine is being thoroughly opened. Over $200,- 
000 has already been taken out from ore worked in a custom 
mill. Fine hoisting machinery has been erected, and the work 
of development is pushed forward steadily. The Empire is 
bounded on the south by the Sulphuret and the Girard. It is 
incorporated under the laws of Massachusetts. The main shaft 
is down 450 feet and has struck a large body of high-grade ore. 
A hoisting engine, with a capacity to sink 1,200 feet, has been 
put up, and this valuable property is being thoroughly opened. 
The Sulphuret adjoins the Empire and the Head Center., It 
is incorporated under the laws of Pennsylvania. Its main 
shaft is down GOO feet. It has a fine location; has first-class 
hoisting-works, and is being opened in a systematic manner. 
The Bob Ingersoll, one of the most valuable claims in the dis- 
trict, shows 5 feet of ore that will mill $100 per ton. It has a 
shaft down 200 feet, and is steadily improving as it is being 
sunk upon. This mine is incorporated. The Sydney is a fine- 
looking property with a vein 12 feet wide, 4 feet of which is 
ore that goes from $50 to $100 per ton. The mine is owned by 



38 THE EESOUliCES OF ARIZONA. 

San Francisco parties. The Grand Central South has a shaft 
250 feet in depth. It is a large vein adjoining the Grand 
Central, and is considered by many the coming mine of the 
camp. It is incorporated in San Francisco. 

The Tranquillity joins the Empire and the Girard on the west. 
It has expensive hoisting-vi^orlcs, and is showing some very fine 
ore. None of the stock of this mine is on the mai'ket. The 
Flora Morrison is bounded on the east by the Grand Central. 
It is incorporated under the laws of Pennsylvania; 250,000 
shares, $2 per share. It has a shaft 300 feet deep, besides 
drifts, cross-cuts, and winzes, and is showing fine ore. The 
Way Up has a shaft 300 feet, and is producing ore of a high 
grade. It is incorporated in New York; 150,000 shares, $10 
per share. The Lucky Cuss, one of the first locations in the 
district, has a shaft 300 feet, and over 500 feet of drifts and 
cross-cuts. It has produced some of the richest ore ever taken 
out in the camj), and yielded about $50,000. The Sunset, south 
of the Lucky Cuss, has produced over $50,000. The Wedge 
shows a vein 3 feet wide, of high-grade ore. It has a shaft 100 
feet deejD, which is steadily pushed downwards. The mine is 
incorporated. The Gilded Age adjoins the Goodenough, and 
embraces a large portion of the town site. It has one shaft 
down 100 feet, which has produced rich ore. The Mountain 
Maid has a vein from 2 to 4 feet, and runs from $50 to $300 per 
ton. It has 3 shafts, the deepest being 200 feet. Like the 
Gilded Age, it extends across the town site. Among the many 
other claims in the immediate vicinity of the town, may be 
mentioned the Cincinnati, Grand Dij)per, Naumkeg, Hawkeye, 
Plum, Rattlesnake, Wide AVest, Topaz, Omega, Omaha, Alpha, 
Prompter, Sunrise, Parallel, Little Wonder, Revenue, Survey, 
Defense, and hundreds of others worthy of mention here if the 
space permitted. Many of these claims are steadily and surely ^ 
developing into fine payiug jjroperties. 

In the western portion of the district are several well-defined 
and valuable mines showing rich ore and large veins. The fol- 
lowing are the most prominent: Owl's Nest, carrying 3 feet of 
ore that goes from $50 to $80 per ton. This claim has 3 shafts, 
the deepest being 100 feet. It is owned by the Tombstone 
Miniug Company. The Junietta lias a 2-foot vein assaying 
$150 per ton. The deepest shaft is 100 feet. The Silver Bell 
has a shaft 50 feet, and carries ore worth $100 per ton. The 
Stonewall has a large ore body that has yielded $75 per ton. It 
has a shaft 120 feet. The Monitor is a 6-foot vein of free-mill- 
ing ore, going $40 per ton, with a shaft 120 feet, in a granite 
formation. The Merrimac has 4 feet of ore that has milled $60, 
It has two shafts 60 feet each, and one 40 feet. Both these 
claims belong to the Monitor Mining Company, an Eastern in- 
corporation. The True Blue is a 2-foot vein of $100 ore, with 
a shaft 200 feet. The Lucknow has a shaft 50 feet, and has ore 
that averages $50 per ton. The Delhi, Miami, Franklin, Ran- 
dolph, Red Top, Argenta, Three Brothers, and many others, are 
in this neighborhood, and are well worthy of notice. 



MINING BESOUECES. 39 

Tliree miles from the San Pedro, is another group of mines 
wbicli are producing remarkably rich ore. The Bradshaw, in 
its bullion yield and development, is the best known of these 
claims. It is a large vein, carrying ore that works from $80 to 
$100 per ton. It has been sunk to a depth of 400 feet; has 
improved hoisting machinery, and has already produced nearly 
$50,000. It is owned by an incorporated company in San 
Francisco. A 10-stamp mill is nearly conjpleted, and the mine 
promises tq be one of the regular bullion-producers of the dis- 
trict. The Alkey is a 4-foot vein, producing ore worth $100 per 
ton. It has a 50-foot shaft. The Bronkow, the first location 
in the district, is a vein 6 feet wide. It has a shaft 60 feet 
deep. Continual litigation has retarded the development of 
this property. In this necessarily brief resume, full justice can 
not be done to the immense silver veins of Tombstone district. 
The salient points only have been given; but to have a proper 
conception of the size, richness, and extent of the veins in this 
wonderful camp, a personal examination is necessary. It is 
safe to say that nowhere on the coast have there been found ore 
bodies larger, richer, or more extensive. There are hundreds 
of fine prospects as yet undeveloped, which give every indica- 
tion of being valuable, and which ofier admirable opportunities 
for investment. ' 

Califoenia District is situated in the Chiricahua mountains, 
twenty miles south of the Southern Pacific railroad, near the 
New Mexican line. The country is well wooded, and water is 
abundant. A thriving camp has sprung up, and many rich and 
valuable mines have been discovered. The ores are generally 
smelting, carrying much horn silver. The veins are large and 
■well defined. Its proximity to the railroad and its abundance 
of ore, make Graleyville one of the most promising camps in 
Cachise county. The following are among the leading mines 
of the district: The Texas, the principal mine of the camp and 
the first discovered, is a large vein from 4 to 30 feet wide. The 
ore is a galena and chlorides, and averages about $40 per ton. 
A shaft 300 feet, and 3 tunnels, 250, 30, and 40 feet, respect- 
ively, expose large ore bodies. A 30-ton smelter has been 
erected and is now fairly under way. The Texas Milling and 
Mining Company are the owners of the property, which in- 
cludes ten other mines in the same group. The Continental 
shows 2 feet of ore, assaying $100 per ton, principally chlorides 
and bromides. It has a shaft 60 feet and a cut 30 feet. The 
Cashier shows 4 to feet of ore, and assays from $30 to $200 
per ton. There are many other claims in this district looking 
well and producing good ore, which must be omitted here, but 
which are well worthy inspection by those who are desirous of 
investing in desirable mining properties. 

Turquoise District. — This district is situated about 18 miles 
north-east from Tombstone, at the southern end of the Dra- 
goon mountains. There is plenty of water, and sufficient wood 
to last for years. The ores are smelting, easily reduced, and 
running from $40 to |3(T0 per ton, with an average of about 



40 THE RESOURCES OP ARIZONA. 

$80. The Mono mine shows a vein from 2 to 6 feet wide. It 
is a carbonate ore, which will smelt readily. Assays ^o about 
$80 per ton, on an average. The mine is opened by about 500 
feet of shafts and drifts, and shows fine ore in every opening. 
It is owned by a New York company. The Defiance and the 
Dragoon claims are also owned by New York parties. The 
former shows from 2 to 20 feet of carbonate ore, which will 
average about $80 per ton. There are several hundred tons on 
the dump. Reduction works will soon be erec^d on this 
property. The Dragoon has a 60-foot shaft showing a 4-foot 
vein that goes about $80. The Bell is the south extension of 
the Defiance. It is a 4-foot vein, looking well. The Challenge 
and the Tom Scott are also very promising veins, with ore that 
goes $75 per ton. The Star and Bodie claims are two of the 
best properties in the district. The Star has a shaft about 60 
feet deep, all the way in ore that runs about $60 in silver and 
$12 in gold per ton. The Bodie has a 70-foot shaft, with a 
2-foot ledge that averages $80 per ton in silver. With its favor- 
able surroundings and fine ore bodies, Turquoise is destined to 
become a prosperous camp. 

Dos Cabezas or "Two Heads" district is situated in the 
Chiricahua range, in the north-eastern portion of Cachise 
count}'. Its ores are gold-bearing, carrying some silver, and 
its ledges are large. It is favorably situated near the line of 
the. Southern Pacific railroad, and has plenty of wood and 
water. The following are the principal mines in the district: 
Silver Cave has three veins, 7, 5, and 3 feet wide, respectively. 
The yield per ton has been $35. Several shafts, drifts, and 
other ojjenings have been made on this claim, and nearly $5,000 
has been taken from it, the ore being worked in arrastras run 
by steam. The Juniper is a 6-foot vein, carrying gold and sil- 
ver. The ore assays $150 per ton. About $6,000 has been taken 
from this mine, the ore being worked in arrastras. The Silver 
Cave South, has 4 feet of ore that assays $50 per ton, and has 
several openings. The Galena Chief shows 3 feet of ore, assaying 
$50 per ton. The Murphy is a 4-foot vein, averaging $50 per 
ton. The Bear Cave has nearly 4 feet of ore that goes $80 per 
ton. The Greenhorn is also a 4-foot ledge, running $50 per 
ton. There are many other promising prospects in this camp 
well worthy of mention. With the erection of a 10-stamp mill, 
which is already on the road, Dos Cabezas will give a good 
account of itself. 

SwisHELM District. — This district is situated in the Pedro- 
gosa mountains, in the south-east corner of Cachise county. 
Its ores are a carbonate. The veins are large, and the facilities 
at hand for smelting, good. A St. Louis company is now 
operating in the district with satisfactory results. 

Haetford District. — This district is situated in the southern 
end of the Huachuca mountains. It has abundance of fine 
water, and some of the best pine timber in the Territory. 
Most of the lumber for Tombstone comes from this point. The 
ores are a copper and a carbonate of silver, assaying from $15 



MINING RESOURCES. 41 

to $60 in copper, and from $20 to $80 in silver. Some very fine 
properties have been opened up. The Undine, Mountain 
View, Lone Star, and IXL, are the principal mines. Sev- 
eral sales have been made, and with the unsurpassed advan- 
tages of wood, water, and magnificent climate, Hartford dis- 
trict is certain to become an important mining center. There 
are several other points in th6 Huaehuca range that show fine 
prospects, and also in the Whetstone mountains, west of Tomb- 
stone. 

Copper. — Besides its veins of silver and gold, Cachise county 
has also some of the largest and most valuable copper mines to 
be found in the Territory. At Bisbee, some twenty miles south of 
Tombstone, are found some of the richest copper mines in the 
United States. The veins are large, the grade high, and the ap- 
pliances at hand for reduction can not be excelled. The mines are 
about sixty miles from the railroad at Benson, and about twenty 
miles from the Sonora line. The Copper Queen, the leading 
mine of the camp, is an immense mountain of ore. It has been 
explored 160 feet in length by 150 in depth, and 120 feet in width, 
and as far as the explorations have extended, rich ore has been 
encountered everywhere. The claim is 1,500 feet long, and 600 
feet wide. Two 30-ton smelters are kept running steadily, and 
the daily output is about 13 tons of pure copper. The ore is a 
carbonate and a black and red oxide, and averages about 22 
per cent. The claim has been opened by 700 feet of shafts, 
drifts, and cross-cuts, and has already yielded over $600,000 
■worth of copper. The property is owned by an incorporated 
company, with headquarters in New York. The Neptune 
company own nine claims, the most prominent of which is the 
Neptune, which shows ore going 24 per cent. This company 
are making preparations to erect a smelter on the San Pedro 
river, fifteen miles distant. The Twilight shows a 6-foot vein of 
red oxides, carrying 25 per cent, pure copper, and is opened b}' a 
70-foot shaft. The Holbrook has a 10-foot vein of red oxides, 
but has ^ittle work done on it. The Copperopolis shows a 5- 
foot vein and a 40-foot shaft. The Atlanta carries 25 per cent, 
ore, and is opened by a 45-foot'shaft. The Copper King is the 
western extension ©f the Copper Queen. It is a large vein, 
showing good ore.^ The Golden Gate, Ohio, Copper Prince, 
Cave, New York, Galena, Garfield, Bounty, Black Jack, and 
Dreadnaught are all fine prospects, although but little work 
has been done upon any of them. Bisbee, besides its immense 
copper veins, has silver and gold also. It is one of the most 
eligibly situated camps in Southern Arizona, and has a bright 
future before it. 

PIMA COUNTY. 

This county is the oldest mining region in the United States. 
At what time the first discoveries were made by Europeans is 
not clear, although it is believed that the Jesuit missionaries 
operated here as early as the latter part of the seventeenth 
century. By the middle of the eighteenth century mining Avas 
prosecuted vigorously in the Baboquivari, the Santa Rita, Arivaca, 



42 THE RESOURCES OP ARIZONA. 

Oro Blanco, Patagonia, and at several other points in the 
county. From the many old shafts and tunnels which have 
been discovered, it is evident that the industry was carried on 
extensively. In this region was found the famous " Planchas 
de Plata," or "planks of silver," which yielded nearly five 
tons of the pure metal. Many of the rich mines which were 
worked in those days, have not been found, although the most 
diligent search has been made. The abandonment of the mis- 
sions in 1828, and the hostility of the Apaches, almost put a 
stop to mining in Arizona, and it was not until some time after 
the country came into the possession of the United States, that 
it was resumed. Several companies were then organized, and 
a great deal of bullion taken out. The constant raids of the 
savages, and the withdrawal of the troops, on the breaking 
out of the civil war, almost put a stop to all work, and not 
until the Indians were subdued, in 1874, did the mining in- 
dustry of Pima county take a fresh start. This industry has 
received a wonderful im2)etus by the building of the Southern 
Pacific railroad. Millions of dollars have been invested; new 
districts have been organized; an army of prospectors has in- 
vaded the country, and many valuable discoveries have been made. 
Gold, silver, copper, and lead, are found in every mountain 
range in the county. With the exception of the region known 
as the Papagueria, wood and water is abundant everywhere. 
The richness of its ores and the size and permanent character of 
its veins, have given Pima county a reputation second to no- 
portion of Arizona. 

Harshaw District. — This district is about 70 miles south-east 
of Tucson, in the Patagonia mountains. The hills are covered 
with oak and juniper, while the water supply is sufficient for 
the working of ores. The camp is about 50 miles south of the 
Southern Pacific railroad. The Hermosa is a large lode of free- 
milling ore. The vein is from 8 to 12 feet wide. The ore is a 
chloride and horn silver. One of the most complete 2')-stamp 
mills on the coast is kept steadily at work, crushing jibout 80 
tons per day. The yield of bullion up to date has been over 
$700,000. The mine is opened by a tunnel 700 feet in length, 
cutting the vein 300 feet below the croppings. A shaft has 
been sunk 100 feet below the level of this tunnel, and the mine 
is thoroughly opened by drifts and cross-cuts. The Hermosa 
is one of the leading mines of the Territory. The Hardshell is 
a short distance west of the Hermosa. It shows a vein from 
10 to 12 feet wide, of the same character of ore as the latter 
mine. It is opened by a shaft 50 feet deep, and by several 
cross-cuts. The Hardshell gives every promise of becoming 
one of the first mines of Pima county. The Trench is one of 
the old mines worked by the early missionaries, and carries 
some ore of a high grade. It shows a vein from 3 to 4 feet 
wide, carrying sulphurets of silver. The main shaft is down 
400 feet, and several levels have been opened. Steam hoisting- 
works of the latest pattern have been erected. The Alta, south 
of the Hermosa, is opened by several shafts, and shows a large 



MINING RESOURCES. 43 

ore body. It is owned by Eastern parties. The Blue Nose, the 
American, the Independent, and many other fine prospects in 
this camp, show good ore and large veins. 

Washington Camp is about nine miles south of Harshaw, and 
was formerly known as the Patagonia district. It is in the 
southern end of the Patagonia mountains, and has a delightful 
situation, being in the midst of a heavily timbered region. The 
Santa Cruz river, four miles distant, affords an inexhaustible 
supply of water. The district contains large veins of low-grade 
ore, carrying a heavy percentage of lead. The Davis is an im- 
mense vein of carbonates, being in places 20 feet wide. It has 
been opened by several shafts, the deepest being IGO feet, and 
also by drifts, cross-cuts, and winzes. The vein throughout all 
its workings shows large quantities of ore. The property is 
owned by the Patagonia Mining Company, who have erected a 
furnace on the Santa Cruz. The Belmont is one of the oldest 
locations in the district. It is three miles from the Sonora 
line. It has a shaft over 100 feet, and a cross-cut at the bot- 
tom showing 30 feet of carbonate ore, carrying considerable 
iron. The San Antonio is also an old location. It is oi^ened, 
by three shafts, the deepest being GO feet. It shows a large 
body of ore similar in character to the Belmont. The Holland 
is another large body of smelting ore. A shaft has been sunk 
nearly 100 feet, showing a strong vein in the bottom. The 
"Washington is a vein, in places 30 feet wide. The ore carries 
iron and copper pyrites, and requires to be roasted. It is 
opened by several shafts and drifts. AVhat is known as " Wash- 
ing Pool mines" embrace the Grasshopper, St. Louis, Chicago, 
Ella, Ohio, Columbus, Blue Jay, and many others. They are 
all large veins, carrying ore of a good grade, though mixed with 
much base metal. The " Old Mowry mine " is four miles north 
of Washington camp. Before the breaking out of the civil 
war, the mine was worked by Lieutenant Mowry, giving em- 
ployment to 400 men (principally Mexican). Large smelting 
works were erected, but the tall brick chimney is all that re- 
mains of the ruin. During the war the Apaches destroyed the 
building and machinery. The old shaft is down 350 feet. The 
ore is easily smelted, and carries from 40 to 60 per cent. lead. 
The mine is now owned by parties in Tucson. The Redoubt- 
able, Pensacola, Pelican, Chico, Thurman, and scores of others 
show large veins, and many of them, have shafts from 60 to 70 
feet. Washington Camp is favored beyond most districts in its 
natural facilities for ore reduction. This, together with its im- 
mense veins, should yet make it one of the leading districts in 
the Territory. 

Tyndall District is situated south of the high peaks, of the 
Santa Rita mountains and about sixty-five miles from Tucson. 
The ores of the district are generally of a good grade, but the 
rich ore bodies are not large. This camp has suffered from bad 
management by unscrupulous speculators. The mines are 
favorably situated near the Santa Cruz, while plenty of wood 
is found on the mountain sides. The Josephine is a vein 5 feet 



44: THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

wide, of free-milling- ore that has worked $60 per ton. It is 
opened by a shaft 75 feet deep. The Emma shows a vein 6 
feet wide, some of which has yielded $100 per ton. It has a 
50-foot shaft. The Magnolia has 3 feet of milling ore that 
assays $70 per ton. It has a shaft 30 feet. The North Star 
has a shaft 50 feet, and shows a 5-foot vein that has yielded $50 
per ton. The Bonanza is opened by an 80-foot shaft and shows 
over 7 feet of fine smelting ore. The Dayton is a 4-foot vein, 
some of which assays $150 per ton. There is a shaft on this 
mine 100 feet in depth. The Bushnell shows a 6-foot vein 
and a shaft over 100 feet. Some ore from this claim assays 
$300. It is a smelting ore. The Lost mine has a shaft 150 
feet and a 4-foot veiu assaying $60 per ton. The Major has 
a tunnel 100 feet in length. Its vein is 5 feet wide, and it has 
produced rock that has assayed $700. The Jefferson is a large 
body of smelting ore, nearly 7 feet wide. It has a shaft 150 
feet in depth. The Red Cloud is a 3-foot vein of free-milling 
ore. It is opened by an 80-foot shaft, and has produced some 
very rich rock. The Laura, Happy Thought, Gold Tree, 
Helvetia, Red Oak, Hidalgo, Cachise, -Hamilton, Alcalde, 
Davis, Crown Point, and many other promising properties, are 
found in Tyndall district. 

The Aztec District is really a continuation of the Tyndall. 
The character of the ore is the same and the formation similar. 
The veins are large and well defined, and can be traced for a 
long distance. The same causes which have retarded the de- 
velopment of the Tyndall district have also operated here. 
Among the claims whith deserve mention, are the Empress of 
India, San Ignacio, Old Salaro mine, Rosario, Las Cruces, 
Ricard, Anahuac, Toltec, Coronado, Henry Clay, Apache, 
Santa Rita, Hidalgo, Seneca, La Salle, Juarez, and many 
others. 

Arivaca District.— This district is about 65 miles south of 
Tucson. Mining was carried on in this region long before the 
settlement of the country by the Americans. The camp has a 
delightful situation, a fine climate, and is jjossessed of abun- 
dance of wood and water. The formation is granite and por- 
phyry. The Con. Arizona is owned by the Consolidated Arizona 
G-old and Silver Mining Company. It is opened by a main shaft 
200 feet in depth, and by levels and drifts. The ore is a chloride, 
which mills freely. The vein is from 3 to 5 feet wide, and the 
yield has been about $100 per ton. A complete 10-stamp 
mill has been erected on the pi-operty, and also steam hoisting- 
works. The vein has fiue walla, and gives every indication of 
being a permanent fissure. The company own three other 
claims on the same vein, among which the Silver Eagle has the 
most development. It has a shaft 78 feet, and shows a 4-foot 
vein that assays $75 per ton. The Albatross is a large body 
of sulphuret ore that gives an average assay of $80 per ton.' 
It is a new discovery, and has been opened by a shaft 60 feet in 
depth. The Arkansas is a 4-foot vein, carrying chlorides and 
sulphurets of silver. The ore assays $100 per ton. The 



MINING RESOURCES. 45 

mine is opened by a 150-foot shaft and a tunnel 300 feet. The 
Dos Amigos shows a vein 3 feet in width that gives $80 as 
an average assay. It has a shaft 100 feet deep. The Idaho is 
a large vein, carrying ore that goes $30 per ton. It is opened 
by an 80-foot shaft. The Union shows a 4-foot vein of free- 
. milling ore assaying $50 per ton. A shaft 120 feet deep has 
been sunk on the claim. The Fairview is a 4-foot vein carry- 
ing qre that goes $40 per ton. It has a shaft 130 feet deep. 
The Relief has a shaft 55 feet, and a vein 4 feet wide, going 
$50 per ton. The Postboy shows a vein 2 feet in width, of 
carbonate ore, that has assayed $100 iDcr ton. It has a shaft 
30 feet deep. The Longariue is opened by two shafts 100 and 
80 feet, respectively, and by 300 feet of drifts and winzes. 
The ore is free-milling, assaying $80 per ton. The Clipper, 
Tennessee, Alpha, Grand Republic, Arion, Black Eagle, Blue- 
jay, Mentor, and Arivaca are among the many promising pros- 
pects of this district. No portion of Pima county presents a 
more inviting field for investment. The famous Cerro Colorado 
mine is about ten miles north of Arivaca. It was worked exten- 
sively, under every disadvantage, before the breaking out of the 
civil war, and has produced, it is said, nearly $2,000,000. The 
constant attacks by the Apaches compelled the abandonment of 
the properly, and the buildings and hoisting-works were de- 
stroyed by the savages. It is now owned by the Arivaca Mill- 
ing and Mining Comj)any. The vein is not large, but the ore is of 
a high grade. Bounding Arivaca on the west is the Baboquivari 
range, which has been mined by the old missionaries in the 
early days, and contains some large veins of rich ore. The Oro 
Fino is a vein nearly 8 feet in width, assays from which give 
$50 per ton. It has a shaft 60 feet. The Black Hawk is an 
8-foot vein of base metal, that gives $50 per ton. A 60-foot 
shaft has been sunk on the property. The Silver Chief shows 
4 feet of ore that assays $60 per ton. It is opened by a shaft 
150 feet deep. 

Geo Blanco. — This <samp is seven miles south-east of Arivaca. 
The country rock is generally porphyry. The ores are mostly 
carbonates and free-milling. Wood is plentiful. The ores 
carry gold and silver. The Warsaw is a vein from 3 to 4 
feet wide. Ore from this mine has worked $80 per ton. It 
is opened by a 300-foot shaft, besides drifts and cross- 
cuts. A ten-stamp mill and roaster have been erected on the 
property. It has produced over $25,000. The Alaska is a 4-foot 
vein, carbonate ore, assaying $70 per ton. It has a shaft 150 
feet deep, and a 200-foot tunnel. The Peelstick has a shaft 
170 feet deep, has a 4-foot vein, and assays $G0 per ton. 
The Yellow Jacket has a shaft 120 feet deep, and 400 feet of 
drifts and tunnels. It shows a ledge 3 feet wide — gold 
quartz. A ten-stamp mill has been erected on the mine, and a 
considerable amount of bullion taken out. The Montana is a 
large ledge of carbonate ore. A tunnel 100 feet in length has 
been driven on the vein. The Idaho shows a vein 4 feet 
wide, some of which assays as high as $200. It is opened by a 



46 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

shaft, 100 feet deep. The Susana is a vein of carbonate ore, 
going $G0 per ton. A shaft 50 feet deep has been sunk on the 
property. The California has a shaft 100 feet deep. It is a 
strong vein of carbonates, that assays $50 per ton. Among 
the prospects worthy of mention in this district should be 
named the Sonora, North Carolina, Franco-American, Ready 
Relief, Southern Pacific, and many others. 

Empire District. — This district is about twenty miles east of 
Tucson, in the rolling hills of the Rincon mountains. It is a 
short distance south of the Southern Pacific railroad. The 
camp has been brought into notice by the discover}' of the 
" Total Wreck," an immense body of chloride ore, over 50 feet 
in width, and assaying from $10 to $500 per ton. The ore car- 
ries silver and gold. It has the appearance of a contact vein, 
between porphyry and lime. Work is prosecuted steadily. 
Three thousand tons of ore are on the dump, and reduction 
works will be erected at once. Tlie Chamiiion is a 20-foot 
vein, with a shaft 50 feet deep. The Dividend, Cross, Crescent, 
Ophir, and many others are on the same vein as the Total Wreck. 
They show large bodies of the same character of ore, and prom- 
ise to become valuable properties. 

Old Hat District is on the northern end of the Santa Cata- 
rina range, and thirty-five miles from TucsOn. It contains 
plenty of wood and water, and is well situated for mining. 
The Bonanza has two tunnels, 300 feet in length. It is a large 
vein, assaying from $50 to $100 per ton. Work is carried on 
steadily, and a fine property is bemg opened up. The Bra- 
ganza is a strong vein, producing ore that goes from $50 to 
$200 per ton. The other prominent mines are the Old Hat, 
Bandit, American Flag, Palmetto, Pioneer, Morning Star, 
Black Bear, Silver Glance, Montezuma, Mermaid, Pilot, Look- 
out, Manzana, and many more. AVith its beautiful situation, 
and abundance of wood and water, this district is destined to 
become a prominent mining center of Southern Arizona. 

Silver Hill District. — This camp is ftfty miles north-west of 
Tucson, and only eighteen miles distant from the railroad. The 
Abbie Waterman is the leading mine of the district. It shows 
a body of carbonate ore nearly 10 feet wide. It is a fine smelt- 
ing ore, and assays high in silver. The mine is opened by sev- 
eral shafts and open cuts, showing the same body of mineral 
from end to end of the claim. This promises to become one of 
the most valuable discoveries in Pima county. The Amelia is 
the north extension of the Waterman. It is a large vein of 
fine ore. The Mamie Grifiith, Monarch, Government, Lancer, 
Little Joker, White Cliflf, and Rodrigues' Purse are all large 
veins, carrying ore of a good grade. 

Papago District lies to the south-west of Tucson. It ety braces 
a large area of country known as the Papagueria. This region 
contains veins of gold, silver, and copper. Water can be ob- 
tained by sinking, and mesquite and palo verde wood is met 
with nearly everywhere. The Montezuma mine is in this re- 
gion, and also the famous Cabibi mines, which are rich in silver 



MINING KESOUKCES. 47 

and copper. - The Picbaco mine, in this district, has been 
worked for many years, and has produced a large amount of 
bullion. The San Pedro, Cabriza, El Cantavo, and many other 
large and promising veins are in this portion of Pima county. 
Westward from this group are the Ortega mines, rich in copper 
and silver; and still farther west are the noted Ajo eoitpet 
mines, which were worked extensively in early times, and the 
ore shipped from Port Libertad to San Francisco. All this 
portion of Pima is rich in mineral, and will yet become the seat 
of a prosperous mining industry. 

Amole District is west of Tucson and contains several valu- 
able mines that assay from $100 to $1,500 per ton.' The Cym- 
beline, the Homestake, and the Hope are all fine properties. 
The Neuguilla mine has a shaft 90 feet deep, showing a vein be- 
tween 4 and 5 feet wide. 

Pima District lies about thirty miles south-west of Tucson, in 
the low hills of the Sierritas. It ,has yielded ore of a high 
grade, and promises, with develop^ient, to become an important 
camp. The Esperauza and the Rough and Ready are the lead- 
ing mines of the camp. The latter has produced ore going 
$700 per ton. 

Helvetia District is situated on the eastern slope of the 
Santa Kitas. It has abundance of wood and water. It con- 
tains rich placer mines which have produced several hufidred 
thousand dollars. The district has also some valuable veins of 
silver and gold, though but little work has yet been done. 

Copper. — Pima county, besides its ledges of gold and silver, 
is also rich in copper. High-grade copper ores are found on 
the northern end of the Santa Rita range, about twenty-five 
miles south from Tucson. The outcroppings cover several 
hundred acres, and are eomposed of carbonates, red oxides, and 
copper glance. Some of the veins are nearly 50 feet in width, 
going from 15 to 25 per cent. The copper deposits in the 
Silver Bell district, fifty miles west from Tucson, are among 
the largest and most valuable in the Territory. Tbey are im- 
mense dikes, in places 50 feet wide, carrying carbonates, and 
red and black oxides. A smelter, with a capacity of 30 tons, 
is being erected on this property by the Huachaca Mining Com- 
pany. Besides the copper mines here alluded to, the whole 
region west of Tucson, to the boundary of Yuma, and south to 
Sonora, is rich in this metal. 

YAVAPAI COUNTY, 

The largest political division of the Territoiy, has long borne 
an enviable reputation for the richness and extent of its mines, 
and for years was the leading bullion producer of the Territory. 
The principal mineral belt of the county lies between the thirty- 
fourth and tLirty-fifth parallels of latitude, and extends from 
the Apache line to the boundary of Mohave. There is no part 
of the Territory so generally blessed with those two important 
factors in mining operations, wood and water. The formation 
of the mineral-bearing portion of Yavapai county is mostly a 



48 THE EESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

granite; porphyry, slate, and quartzite are encountered in many 
i^laces, while tbe northern part shows sandstone, trap, and 
rock of volcanic origin. The mineral veins are noted for smooth, 
Avell-deflued walls, high-grade ores, and great variety of mineral 
combinations. In its production of gold, Yavapai is the lead- 
^ing county of the Territory. The metal is found in nearly every 
portion of the mineral belt, in alluvial deposits, and in ledges. 
Silver occurs in native, wires and nuggets, chlorides, horn sil- 
ver, silver glance, ruby silver, sulphides, black sulphurets, and 
many other rich varieties. Copper is found in oxides, native, 
malachite, blue carbonates, and as grey copper. 

The first' mining by Americans in Yavapai county began in 
1863, with the discovery of the rich placers at Weaver creek. 
About the same time the Walker party, from New Mexico, 
found the diggings of the Hassayampa and Lynx creek. Since 
then mining has been carried on with generally satisfactory 
results. Until the opening of the Southern Pacific railroad, 
two thirds of the bullion shipped from the Territory was pro- 
duced in this county; and nearly half the mining locations in 
Arizona were made within its borders. Mining operations con- 
ducted by ignorant, incomj^etent, and sometimes dishonest 
men, have greatly retarded the development of Yava])ai. Un- 
fortunately, mining litigation has also done its share in this 
dire(||ion. But despite these obstacles, the intrinsic merit of 
the mines has been proven, and against bad management and 
coBtly litigation they have been made to pay. The opening of 
the railroad on thei thirty-fifth parallel will give the mines of 
Yavapai all the advantages of cheap and rapid transportation; 
will bring its vast mineral wealth before the world, and make 
it, what its unrivaled climate and great natural advantages des- 
tined it to be, one of the leading mining camps on the coast. 

Peck Disteict. — This district is thirty miles south-east from 
Prescott, in the northern foothills of the Bradshaw range. It 
was organized in 1875, and has become famous for the wonder- 
ful richness of its ores. It has every advantage in the way of 
wood and water. Owing -to continuous litigation, the mines of 
the district have not been worked as mines of their richness 
and extent ought to be. No camp in the Territory has pro- 
duced the same amount of bullion, considering the length of 
time it has been worked and the number of men employed. 

The Peck is one of the leadiug mines of the Territory. Dis- 
covered in 1875, it was worked successfully till 1878, when the 
owners became involved in a lawsuit which has not yet ended. 
The mine produced during that short period $1,200,000. Ore 
worth from $5,000 to $20,000 per ton was frequently met with. 
Pending the settlement of lawsuits, one of the finest proper- 
ties in the Territory is lying idle. The rich vein is ■ about 
18 inches wide, composed mainly of chlorides and car- 
bonates. The average working test has been near $200 per 
ton. The mine is opened by a 400-foot shaft, and by four 
levels, aggregating 1,300 feet. A complete tenrstamp mill and 
roaster have been erected on the property. The Peck is a 



MINING EESOUECES. 49 

strong vein, with prominent quartzite croppingfs traceable across 
the country for several miles. The Silver Prince is situated 
about half a mile east of the Peck. It has produced very rich 
ore, similar in character to that of the Peck. Several tons of 
this ore shipped to San Francisco have averaged $1,000 per ton. 
The mine is opened by several sh^^fts and drifts, and by a tun- 
nel nearly 400 feet in length. The veiu is a strong and well- 
defined one, the richer ore bodies occurring in chambers or 
bunches. The Black Warrior lies south from the Prince 
and on the same vein. It is one of the finest properties in the 
camp; has been thoroughly opened by shafts, drifts, and tun- 
nels. It shows a vein from 2 to 3 feet wide, composed of 
sulphurets, galena, native and antimonial silver, assaying on an 
average, $20Q per ton. The Warrior and the Prince are the 
property of a New Yoi-k company. The Asa Buffum is a north-" 
em extension of the Peck. It shows a small vein of exceedingly 
rich chloride and carbonate ore that assays $1,000 per ton. The 
Alta is situated south from the Peck, and between that ledge 
and the Silver Prince. It shows a vein from 1 to 2 feet 
wide of high-grade chloriele ore, giving an assay of $3U0 per 
ton. The Evening Star is the south extension of the Alta. It 
is opened by several shafts and drifts showing ore similar to the 
Alta, assaying from $300 to $1,000 per ton. The Lone Juniper 
is a south extension of the Black Warrior. It carries a vein 
from 1 to 2 feet of carbonates and chlorides assaying from 
$80 to $500 per ton. The property has been developed by 
several shafts, drifts, etc. The Doyle is south of the War- 
rior. It has a vein 2 feet wide of suljjhuret ore. Average 
assays go from $50 to $100 per ton. The mine has a 100- 
foot shaft and 100 tons of ore on the clump. 

The May Bean is the first south extension of the Peck, and 
has produced very rich ore. It is owned by the May Bean 
Mining Company, and is exi)lored by several tunnels and shafts. 
The Curtin is the north extension of the Prince. It is a 
large 'vein, having but little work done upon it. The Silver 
Chief is situated between the Peck and the Silver Prince. It 
has a shaft 40 feet and shows rich ore. The St. Paul, some 
distance south of the Peck, is a large vein carrying ore that 
averages about $30 per ton. But little work has been done on 
it. The Austin, south of the St. Paul, has produced ore worth 
$5,000 per ton. There are a great many claims on the Peck 
ledge which show good surface indications. The most promi- 
nent of these is the General Kautz, opened by a tunnel over 
100 feet in length. The New York is north of the Curtin. It 
is a large leJge, showing good ore and opened by several shafts. 

Tiger Distkict. — This district is situated about thirty-five 
miles south-east of Prescott, on the southern slope of the 
Bradshaw range. No camp in the Territory has better natural 
advantages for the mining and Avorking of ores. Wood is 
found in every direction, and water is abundant; while the 
climate is all that could be desired. The formation is a 
granite. The district was organized in 1871, and contains 
4 



50 THE EESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

many large and regular veins of gold and silver. The cost 
of bringing in machinery, and the curse of litigation, have 
been the causes which have hindered the development of 
its valuable properties. The Tiger', which has given its name 
to the district, is one of the largest veins in the Territory, being 
over 70 feet between smooth and compact walls. It was 
the first silver miue of importance discovered in northern Ari- 
zona, and has produced some of the richest ore ever found in 
the Territory. The mine is opened by a three-comi^artment 
working shaft, 300 feet deep, supplied with steam hoisting- 
works, and equijDped with cages and pumps. The ore is a sul- 
phuret, carrying native silver, and has worked on an average, 
§110 i^er ton. A ten-stamp mill with roaster attached has been 
erected. The mine has produced $200,000, $5,000 being gold. 
The claim is 1,200 feet long by 200 feet wide. The Hammond 
and Riggs claim is the second south extension of the Tiger. It 
is a large vein, showing fine ore, and has a tunnel driven along 
the ledge 150 feet, and a shaft 65 feet deep. The Linn ground 
is the first extension north. It shows a strong vein of high- 
grade sulphuret ore, and is opened by several shafts and cuts. 
The Tiger is a true fissure and is located for three miles, the 
claims varying from 200 to 1,200 feet in length, most of which 
have been patented. Nearly all of the claims are opened by 
shafts and tunnels, showing large ore bodies similar in charac- 
ter to the discovery location. 

The Gray Eagle is about two miles east of the Tiger. It is a 
large vein of sulphuret ore, carrying gold and silver. Average 
assays give $46 in silver and $2^ in gold. It is opened by 350 
feet of tunnels. The Oro Bonito lies between the Tiger and 
the Gray Eagle; it shows a 3-foot vein of gold quartz, some 
of which has worked $80 per ton, in arrastras. The mine is 
opened by several shafts and tunnels. The Eclipse is about two 
miles east of the Tiger; it has from 1 to 3 feet of chloride 
and horn silver ore, assays from «vhich have gone up into the 
thousands. A 60-foot shaft lias been sunk on the mine. The 
Lorena is a small ledge east of the Eclipse; the ore is a chloride 
of silver and goes about $200 per ton. There is a shaft 80 feet 
deep and 100 tons of ore on the dump. The California and 
Benton are supposed to be northern extensions of the Tiger. 
They are strong veins and carry high-grade ore; the formtr has 
a shaft 100 feet, and the latter 50 feet deep. The Moreland 
is the north extension of the Benton; it is a large vein, carrying 
some very rich silver ore. 

The Buckeye is situated in what is known asBradshaw Basin. 
It is a small ledge of very rich ore — gold and silver. It has 
produced several thousand dollars, and is opened by shafts and 
tunnels. The Kansas is east of the Buckeye; it has a strong 
vein of sulphuret ore, and has been explored by a tunnel, over 
100 feet in length. The Thurman is a 3-foot vein of sul- 
phurets carrying gold and silver, and assaying $60 per ton. 
Several shafts have been sunk on the property. There are many 
other valuable claims in the "Basin " on which but little work 



MINING RESOURCES. 51 

Las been done. A ten-stamp custom mill has been erected at 
this place. 

North of the Tiger district, in what was formerly known as 
Pine Grove, are several fine jbroperties, foremost among which 
is the War Eagle, a vein from 2 to 5 feet wide, carrying gold 
and silver, which has worked from $25 to $40 per tori. 
The discovery claim is opened by a shaft 90 feet deep. It has 
produced over $30,000, and is one of the most valuable prop- 
erties in the Bradshaw. The claim has been located for several 
miles, the extensions all showing finely. The Del Pasco, Brad- 
shaw, Blandena, Cougar, Gretna, Shelton, and many other 
promising claims, are in the Tiger and Pine Grove districts. 
About five miles west of the Tiger is located the Southern Belle, 
a ledge of gold quartz from 4 to 5 feet wide; the ore, worked 
in arrastras, has yielded from $30 to $50 per ton. Several 
shafts and ojjen cuts show a well-defined lode. 

Tip Top, — This district is about fifty miles south-east of Prescott 
in the spurs of the Bradshaw range. The camp has long been 
noted for the richness of its ores, and is a favorite of "cLlo- 
riders," or poor miners who get out their " rock " and have it 
reduced at custom mills. The formation is a micaceous granite, 
and the veins, though small, are compact and regular. The 
district has produced more bullion than any other in Yavapai 
county, and its mines steadily improve in size and richness as 
depth is reached. The Tip Top i^ the principal mine of the 
camp; it was discovered in 1875, and has been worked con- 
tinuously ever since. The main working shaft is down nearly 
600 feet, and the claim is thoroughly opened by levels, winzes, 
tunnels, etc. The vein averages from 1 foot to 18 inches in 
width; the ore is a sulphuret, carrying quantities of ruby silver, 
and assaying $300 per ton. A 10-stamp mill and roaster is in 
operation on the Agua Fria, about nine miles from the mine. 
This is one of the best properties in the county, and has pro- 
duced over $1,200,000. The Cross-cut is west of the Tip Top, 
and is the largest vein in the district. It is traceable across the 
country for several miles, and located nearly all the way. The 
Foy, a location on this ledge, shows 2 feet of ore assaying from 
$75 to $200 per ton. It is opened by a shaft 180 feet deep, and 
by several open cuts. 

The Pearl, another location on the Cross-cut, is opened by 
a shaft 100 feet deep; it shows a strong vein of high-grade 
milling ore, and is one of the most promising claims in the 
camp. The Swilling is north of the Tip Top; it has two shafts, 
110 and 50 feet, respectively. It carries a 3 -foot vein of 
milling ore assaying $50 per ton. The Virginia No. 2 is on 
Tula creek, about four miles from Tip Top. It shows 18 
inches of free-milling ore, ranging by assay from $100 to $1000 
per ton. The mine is opened by two shafts, 140 and 80 feet 
deep, and has produced $10,000 silver. What is known as the 
Rowe claim is near the Cross-cut; it contains some very 
rich ore, and is opened by a tunnel and several shafts. A num- 
ber of tons of ore from this mine have been shipped to San 



52 THE EESOURCES OP ARIZONA. 

Francisco, averaging from $500 to $1000 per ton. The Basin 
miue is three miles west of the Tip Top. It has been worked 
for several years — the ore being reduced in a custom mill — 
and has joaid a handsome profit to its owners. The mine has 
produced a great deal of bullion, but the exact, figures are not 
at hand. The '"76" has a small vein of high grade ore of a 
similar character to the Tip Top, which assays from $200 to 
$1(!00 per ton. Three tunnels— 200, 120, and 85 feet each — 
have been driven on the claim. The Incas is a narrow vein of ex- 
ceedingly rich ore, assaying from $100 to $1,800 per ton. These 
are only a few of the claims of this district; there are scores of 
others which carry rich ore and give every promise of becoming 
valuable when developed. The ores of the camp are nearly all 
silver-bearing. ^ 

Hassayampa District. — This district is situated about ten 
miles south of Prescott, in the midst of a heavily timbered 
and well-watered region. The Hassayampa creek, after which 
the district takes its namp, has been worked for gold ever 
since the settlement of Northern Arizona, and has pro- 
duced a great deal of money. The character of the ores in 
the Hassayampa region is a gold quartz on the surface, 
"whieh gradually passes into silver as depth is reached. The 
formation is generally a granite, with some slate and por- 
phyry. The Senator shows more development than any mine 
in the camp. It has been worked extensively, and has a shaft 
200 feet deep, with levels, drifts, cross-cuts, etc. The vein 
is from 2 to 4 feet wide — iron, copper, and lead sulphurets, 
which have yielded from $25 to $40 per ton. The miue 
has produced $160,000 in gold. It has a ten-stamp mill. 
The Davis is about four miles south of the Senator, on Slate 
creek, a tributary of the Hassayampa. It is a large vein of 
suljjhuret ore, averaging 5 feet wide. It is opened by a tun- 
nel nearly 100 feet in length. The ore gives an assay of from 
|50 to $300 per ton. Tiie Davis is traceable across the country 
for nearly two miles, and several extensions, showing good ore, 
have been located on it. 

The Crook is three miles east of the Hassayampa. Some of 
the richest gold quartz ever taken out in the county came from 
this mine. It, is opened by 670 feet of shafts and 850 feet of 
tunnels. It has a vein from 1 to 4 feet wide, yielding $28 
per ton. The claim has produced over $50,000 in gold, and 
shows good ore in every drift and stope. It has a ten-stamp 
mill. The Perry is eight miles south of Prescott. It is a 
strong vein of sulphuret ore; has a shaft 75 feet and a tunnel 
185 feet. Selected ore from this miue has yielded $400 per ton, 
in silver. The Pine Tree shows a vein 18 inches wide, giving 
an assay of $90 per ton. It carries silver and gold, and is 
opened by a tunnel 850 feet in length. The Savage has two 
hafts, 40 and 50 feet. It carries 18 inches of ore, worth 
$200 per ton. The Cash has 2 feet of base ore, assaying $60 
per ton. It has a shaft 28 feet. The Consolidated Uodie 
shows 4 feet of galena and carbonate, assaying $60 per ton. It 



MINING EESOURCES. 53 

has two shafts, 100 and 180 feet. The claim is on the east 
fork of the Hassayauipa. The Sumner is a large vein, 45 feet 
of micaceous iron, portions of which are rich in silver. As- 
says as high as $2,000 have been made from this mine. The 
Caiiey shows 2 feet of gold quartz that has worked $38 per ton. 
The Grovanor has a 8-foot vein of gold and silver ore that 
assays $27 per ton. It is opened by three shafts. The Madison 
shows 1 foot of black sulphurets of silver worth $200 per ton. 
The Delaware has a 50-fout shaft, with 2 feet of ore, carrying 
gold and silver. The Montgt»mery, Peacock, Often, Railroad, 
Nevada, Connecticut, Constantine, Glenn, Fox, Kautz, Silver 
Trail, Jim Davis, United States, Storm Cloud, Fremont, Sterling, 
Nifty, and hundreds of others, are located in the Hussayampa 
district. It is impossible in this brief sketch to give more than 
a passing glance ut the many valuable properties in this camp, 
the most delightful summer resort in the Territory. 

Walker District. — This district is about seven miles east of 
Prescott, and embraces the headwaters of Lynx creek, the 
richest gold bearing stream yet discovered in the Territory. It 
is estimated that over $1,000,000 has been taken from this 
creek since its discovery in 1863. Lynx creek is blessed with 
an abundant supply of wood and water, and a delightful cli- 
mate. The veins carry gold and silver. The Shelton is a 4- 
foot ledge of carbonate ore, impregnated with iron pyrites. 
Assays go as high as $600 per ton. The ledge has a shalt 30 
feet and a tunnel 100 feet. The Pine Mountain is a 2-foot vein 
of carbonate ore, assaying $120 per ton. It has a shaft 20 feet. 
The Gray Eagle has a tunnel 70 feet. It carries 4 feet of car- 
bonate and sulphuret ore, assaying $80 in gold and silver. It 
has produced $4,000. The Mount Vernon carries 10 inches 
of rich gold quartz, worth $200 j)er ton. It has produced $15,- 
000, is opened by several shafts, and a tunnel 100 feet in length. 
The American Flag shows 18 inches of base-metal ore that has 
worked $50 per ton. It has a 50-foot shaft, and has yielded 
$3,000. The Hidden Treasure shows a ledge 12 feet wide, as- 
saying from $27 to $200 per ton, gold and silver. It is opened 
by a shaft 50 feet deep. 

The Accidental is tiioroughly opened by shafts, tunnels, 
drifts, etc. It is a rich vein, carrying gold and silver, and has 
produced over $50,000. The Mountain Lion is a promising- 
looking claim, carrying gold and silver. It has a tunnel 135 
feet in length. The Orion is a 4-foot vein of sulphuret ore, as- 
saying $ per ton. A shaft 42 feet deep has been sunk on the 
ledge. The Hirshel has a 6-foot vein of carbonate and galena 
ore, assaying $50 per ton in silver, and $15 in gold. It has a 
shaft 65 feet deep. The Capital is opened by a tunnel iind 
several open cuts. It carries 2 feet of chlorides, assaying $80 
per ton. The Real del Monte, Empire, Mark Twain, Cliam- 
pion, Henry Clay, Pointer, Boston, Eureka, Eberhardt, Alturas, 
and scores of other valuable locations, are in this district. ' 

Turkey Creek, — This district is about twenty miles south- 
east of Prescott. The ledges are principally silver-bearing, in a 



54 THE KESOUKCES OF ARIZONA. 

grainte and porphyry formation. The camp has plenty of wood 
and water, and a climate unsurpassed in the Territory. The Tus- 
cumbia is situated on a northern spur of the Bradshaw range. 
It is opened by a shaft 100 feet deep, and a tunnel 250 feet. 
The vein is about 18 inches wide, assaying $200 per ton. A 
five- stamp mill has been erected, and some $25,000 in silver has 
already been taken out. The Goodwin is from 4 to 6 feet, be- 
tween smooth walls; the pay streak is from 1 to 3 feet, assaying 
from $50 to $800 per ton. The Holmes claim, on the Good- 
win ledge, shows a vein from 1 to 4 feet wide, assaying from 
$60 to $i, 000 per ton. The ore is a rich antimonial silver. There 
is a shaft 85 feet, and a tunnel 160 feet. It has yielded $2,800, 
in silver. The Hatz and Collier claim is a northern extension of 
the Goodwin. It shows a vein from 2 to 4 feet, that assays 
from $50 to $500 per ton. It is opened by several shafts and 
tunnels. The Continental is a large ledge, carrying a rich pay 
streak. It has a tunnel 200 feet in length, besides several 
shafts. The Peerless is a large dike, with a vein of rich ore. 
It has a shaft 90 feet. The Succor shows a 2-foot vein of ga- 
lena ore, some of which assays $200 per ton. It has a shaft 100 
feet. The Gold Note shows a good body of rich galena ore. It 
is opened by a shaft ICO feet deep. The Morning Glory is a 
large ledge of gold quartz. It is opened by a shaft 100 feet 
deep and by a 100-foot tunnel. The Trinity carries from 6 inches 
to 15 inches of sulphuret ore, that assays $100 per ton. It has 
a shaft 80 feet. The Compton has a shaft 48 feet, and carries 
from 1 to 2 feet of antimonial silver ore. The Bully Bueno, 
Town Site, Adirondack, Lincoln, Nevada, McLeod mine, Rich- 
mond, Kendall, Franklin, and many more, all show ore of a 
high grade. 

Big Bug. — This district is situated east of Lynx creek, and 
about twelve miles from Prescott. It is surrounded by a forest 
of pine timber, and has abundance of water. The ores carry 
gold and silver. Considerable placer gold has been taken from 
this camp. The Bell has three feet of argentiferous galena ore, 
assaying $80 per ton. It is opened by a shaft 260 feet deep, 
and by a tunnel 200 feet long. It carries gold and silver. The 
Plat Bonita has a shaft 70 feet. It carries 4 feet of milling ore, 
assaying $60 per ton. It contains silver and gold. The Mid- 
dleton shows 4 feet of milling ore, assaying $50 per ton. It is 
opened by a shaft 70 feet deep. The Poland has a tunnel 
60 feet. It has a 3-foot vein of smelting ore, assaying $50 
per ton. The Dividend is a 3-foot vein of gold-bearing quartz 
that has worked $20 per ton. It has a shaft 120 feet. The Ga- 
lena is a ledge of gold quartz that has yielded $20 per ton. It 
has three shafts, 80, 100, and 125 feet, each. The Big Bug 
shows 3 feet of base ore that has worked $20 per ton, in 
gold. It is opened by an 80-foot shaft. The Eugenia shows 
2^ feet of gold pyrites. It has a tunnel 100 feet in length. 
The Belcher is opened by several shafts and tunnels. It car- 
ries 2^ feet of free-milling gold ore that has yielded $20 j)er 
ton. The Lottie is a 4-foot vein of milling ore, carrying gold 



MINING RESOURCES. 55 

and silver, and assaying $G0 per ton. It has a 100-foot siiaft. 
The Champion has a shaft 100 feet deep. It is a 4-foot ledge 
of milling ore, assaying $60 per ton, and containing gold and 
silver. The Mesa, Pine Tree, Forest City, Black Fox, Chal- 
lenge, Oury, Belcher, Ticonderoga, Independence, Crown 
Point, Kebel, Bunker Hill, Hamilton, and many other valuable 
prospects, are in Big Bug. Several Eastern comj)anies are now 
operating in the district. 

Groom Creek. — This camp is about'six miles from Prescott, 
in one of the finest timbered and watered regions of Northern 
Arizona. The ledges are regular and compact in a granite for- 
mation; they carry gold and silver. The Lone Star has a vein 
2 feet wide of argentiferous galena ore, assaying $100 per 
ton. It has two tunnels, 94 and 74 feet, respectively, besides 
several shafts. The Golden Chariot is a 2-foot vein of gold 
and silver ore. It is opened by several shafts and drifts. The 
Mountain shows a two-foot ledge of gold quartz. It has a 
70-foot tunnel. The Dauphin has a shaft 45 feet. It shows a 
strong vein, 4 feet wide, of free-milling ore, carrying gold and 
silver. The Mirabile has 18 inches of high-grade free-milling 
ore. It is opened by a shaft 85 feet deep. The Minnehaha 
has two shafts, 85 feet each. It carries 20 inches of rich mill- 
ing ore, some of which, shipped to San Francisco, has gone 
$300 per ton. The Nevada shows 20 inches of milling ore, 
assaying $160 per ton. It has two shafts, 40 and 35 feet each. 
The What Cheer is a large vein of free-milling ore, with a 50- 
foot shaft. Select ore from this mine has gone $300 per ton. 
The Alcyone shows 2 feet of galena that assays $60 per 
ton. A 35-foot shaft has been sunk on the claim. The 
Surprise has a shaft 40 feet and carries 2 feet of free-milling 
ore, assaying $150 in gold and silver. The Homestead, Uncle 
Joe, Adell, Heathen Chinee, Gazelle, Chicago, Old Put, Black 
Hawk, Canadian, Alta, Providence, Wakefield, Gray Eagle, 
Omaha, Benjamin, and scores of others well worthy of special 
mention, are in this district. 

Cherry Creek. — This camp is situated about twenty-five 
miles east of Prescott, on the southern end of the Black Hill 
range. It is on the main road to the Verde; has plenty of wood 
and water, and a desirable situation. The ores carry gold and 
silver, and are easily reduced. The Black Hills is a ledge of 
argentiferous galena ore, 12 feet wide, and assaying $40 per ton. 
The mine is opened by a 40-foot shaft. The Silver Streak is a 
4-foot vein, assaying $50 per ton in gold and silver. It has 
a 25-foot shaft. The Kustic shows 18 inches of carbonate ore, 
that assays $150 per ton. It is opened by a 35-foot shaft. The 
Hiawatha has a shaft 30 feet deep, with 2 feet of carbonate 
ore, assaying $50 per ton. The Hercules is a strong vein, nearly 
4 feet wide, carrying silver and copper. It assays $60 in 
silver. The Sarah Jane shows a 2-foot vein of gold quartz, that 
assays $75 per ton. It has a 35-foot shaft. The Gold Ring, Car- 
bonate Chief and Parole are fine-lookinff prospects, carrying 
rich ore and good-sized veins. There areliumerous other loca- 



56 THE EESOUECES OF ARIZONA. 

tions ill this district deserving mention, wliich must be omitted 
for want of space. Considerable gold is being taken out with 
arrastras, and the claims are steadily improviug as they are sunk 
upon. 

Weaver. — This district is the oldest in the county, having been 
organized in 1863, after the discovery of the rich gold deposits 
of Kiel) Hill. In a depression on the summit of this mountain 
about $500,000 in coarse gold was found lying on the shallow 
bed-rock, near the surface. The gulches running down from 
this mountain were also rich in placer gold; they have been 
worked since their discovery up to the present time, and have 
produced, it is estimated, $500,000, making the yield of Weaver 
district in placer gold, $1,000,000, The ores of the district are 
nearly all gold-bearing. Weaver is about thirty-five miles south 
from Prescott. The Leviathan is an immense gold-bearing 
quartz ledge, in some places 300 feet wide. Assorted rock 
from the mine has worked $50 per ton , in arrastras. It is ofxpned 
by a tunnel, which cuts it 100 feet below the surface, and by 
several shafts and cuts. It is estimated there are 2,000,000 
tons of ore in sight in this enormous vein. The Marcus shows 
a vein, 3 feet wide, of free-milling gold ore, to a depth of 
68 feet, after which it changes to a sulphuret. The free- 
milling ore, worked in arrastras, has yielded as high as $200 per 
ton. The vein is opened by an incline 85 feet deep, and 
by a shaft 65 feet, connected by drifts. A new working 
shaft has been started, and is now down sixty feet. There 
are scores of other promising properties in this district, 
among which may be mentioned the Metallic Candle, with a 
shaft 40 feet deej^, and a vein of gold quartz 20 feet wide; 
the Enjerald has a tunnel 125 feet lung and a shaft 20 feet 
deep; the Buckeye has a shaft 30 feet deep; the Cosmopolitan 
has a shaft 20 feet; the Sexton has a shaft 20 feet. Between 
thirty and fifty men are steadily at work in the placers of this 
district, all making good wages. 

The Martinez Distkict joins Weaver on the west. The ledges 
are gold-bearing, l^rge. and well defined. A mill has been 
erected on the Cumberland, but incompetency and mismanage- 
ment caused it to prove a failure. The mine carries ore that 
assays $250 per ton, and has yielded over $4,000 from arrastras. 
The Martinez is a 6-foot vein assaying heavily in silver. The 
Model is situated in People's valley, but is included in Weaver 
district. It is a small vein of rich gold quartz, which averages 
about $50 per ton. It is opened by a shaft 150 feet deep, 
and by several tunnels. A Huntington mill, with a capacity of 
5 stamps, has been erected on the property. The Miner is near 
the Model, It shows a vein of gold quartz 2 feet wide. It has 
a 100-foot shaft and several drifts, cross-cuts, etc. A five-stamp 
mill has been put up on the claim and is working satisfactorily. 
The mine is owned by the Bedrock Mining Company. 

ToNTo Basin. — This district is in the south-eastern part of 
Yavapai county. The veins are large, carry gold and silver, 
and there is a plentifbl supply of wood and water. The House 



MINING RESOURCES. 67 

and Rnuse claim has a shaft 100 feet and 250 feet of tunnels. 
The vein is 5 feet wide, free-milling silver ore. The Dougherty 
shows a 5-foot vein of silver ore, and is opened by a 94 foot 
shaft. The Osceola has a shaft 115 feet deep and a 6-foot ledge 
of gold quarfz The Golden Wonder is opened by a shaft 150 
feet dee[). The ledge is 5 feet wide. The Zulu is a large vein 
of free-milling gold and silver ore, assaying $100 per ton, 
and opened by a shjtft 65 feet deep. The American, Silver Belt, 
Excursion, Last Chance, Accident, and many other valuable 
locjitioiis, have been made in this district. 

Silver Mountain — This district is south of the Tiger in the 
footljills of the Bradshaw range. Some of the largest ledges 
in the Territory are found here. The formation is granite and 
porphyry. Among these immense veins may be mentioned the 
Mammoth, from 50 to 300 feet wide, and traceable across the 
country for several miles. Five claims of 1,500 feet each, have 
been located on the ledge. But little work has yet been done, 
although some very fine ore has been taken out. The mine 
contains silver and gold. Among the other veins of unusual 
size are the Excelsior, Great "Western, Mountain King, and 
Snowball. 

Walnut Grove. — This district is about thirty miles south of 
Prescott, and embraces the eastern end of the Antelope range. 
The veins are small, but rich in gold and silver. Wood and 
"Wiiter are found in abundance on the Hassayampa. Auiuug the 
prominent claims may be mentioned the Crescent, Jose[)hine, 
Vesuvius, Rel)el, and many others. A five-stamp mill has been 
erected in the district, but is now idle. 

Thumb Butte. — This camp is six miles west of Prescott, in 
the Sierra Prieta range. It contains some small veins carrying 
very rich silver ore. The surroundings are all that could be 
desired; wood and water are found everywhere. There are sev- 
eral claims with shafts from 20 to 70 feet, all showing fine ore. 

Agua Fria. — This district is sixteen miles east of Prescott, in 
the foothills west of the stream of the same name. The ore is 
silver and of a very high grade. The mines are in contact for- 
mation between slate and granite. The Silver Belt is the lead- 
ing mine of the district. It is opened by three shafts, 65,110, 
and 165 feet in depth. Tlie ore is a carbonate, carrying chlo- 
rides, horn silver, and native silver, and yields $250 pei- ton. 
The ore is smelted and the base bullion shipped to San Fran- 
cisco. The capacity' of the furnace, which is run by the water 
power of the Agua Fria, is 7 tons in 24 hours. The Belt 
has produced nearly $100,000 in silver. The Kit Carson, Sil- 
ver Flake, Agua Fria, and Raible and Hatz claim, are the other 
principal mines in the district. 

Black Canton. — This district is twenty-five miles east of Pres- 
cott. It extends from the eastern spurs of the Bradshaw range 
to the Agua Fria. The veins are principally gold-bearing, 
with regular and well-defined walls. There is plenty of tim- 
ber on the slopes of the Bradshaw range, and water at all 
seasons in the Agua Fria and the Black Canyon, This latter 



58 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

stream, wliich drains a large area of mountain country, has 
produced considerable quantities of j^lacer gold, and is yet 
being worked for the metal. The leading claims of the dis- 
trict are the Ballenciana, the Wickenburg mine, the Zika 
mine, and the Sonora. The Zika claim is worked in arrastras 
run by water power on the Agua Fria. It is a strong vein 
of gold quartz. The Wickenburg has a large ledge of quartz, 
showing pure gold all through the vein. It is worked by 
arrastras. 

Gojyper. — Yavapai is rich in coj^per ores; they are found in 
every part of the county, some of them of a very high grade. 
Very large deposits are found east of the Agua Fria and in the 
southern end of the Juniper range; copper is also found in the 
Walnut Grove district, in the country west of Date creek, and 
in Castle creek, south of the Bradshaw mountains. So far as 
developed, these deposits show ore of a high percentage, and of a 
character easily reduced. The only copper mines which have 
been thoroughly opened are situated in the Black Hills, about 
twenty miles north-east from Prescott. The Eureka, the lead- 
ing mine of the group, has been explored by several tunnels, 
which have tapped the vein nearly 200 feet below the surface. 
The ledge is from 8 to 16 feet in width, and over 1,600 tons 
are on the dump. The property has recently been purchased 
by Eastern parties, who intend to erect reduction works. The 
Wade Hampton is on the same ledge as the Eureka, and car- 
ries a large ore body similar in character. There are many 
other promising claims in this district, which possess the ad- 
vantages of wood and water, and will be only forty miles from 
the Atlantic and Pacific railroad. 

PINAL COUNTY. 

The first mineral discoveries were made in what is now Pinal 
county in the fall of 1871, but the hostility of the Indians and 
the isolated condition of the Territory at that time prevented 
any real development. The region was known to be rich in the 
precious metals, and after a peace was conquered from the Apa- 
ches, in 1874, prospectors flocked thither. The discovery of the 
famous Silver King in the fall of 1874, was the beginning of per- 
manent mining in Pinal, and since that time it has been prose- 
cuted without intermission and with the most flattering results. 
Few counties of the Territory can show a better record of 
bullion production. The G-ila river, which flows through the 
center of this mineral belt, affords an unlimited water supply ; 
while wood is found everywhere sufficient for all purposes of 
ore reduction. The ore bodies of Pinal county are noticeable 
for their size and richness. The formation of the country rock 
varies according to the locality, but granite and porphyry ap- 
pear to be the predominating formations. A basaltic cropping 
is found in some places, and quartzite is sometimes met with. 
Gold, silver, and copper are the leading metals of Pinal. 
Large bodies of coal of an excellent quality, have lately been 
discovered in the eastern portion of the county. A railroad 



MINING EESOURCES. 59 

lias been survej'ecT from Casa Grande to Pinal Cit}^ winch will 
pierce the center of the mining region, and will be of incalcu- 
lable benefit to the county. In its bullion product at the pres- 
ent time, Pinal takes the second place among the counties of 
the Territory; and with the opening of the projected rail com- 
munication, we may look to see that production largely in- 
creased, 

PiONEEK District. — The Silver King, the leading mine of 
Pinal, is situated in this district. The croppings of the vein 
are on a low, conical hill, in a basin, surrounded by spurs of 
the Pinal mountains. It is said that the mine was discovered 
from information furnished by a discharged soldier, who was 
stationed at this point during the Apache wars. After working 
the mine for nearly two years and taking thousands of dollars 
from surface excavations, the original locators sold the property 
to the present company, and the work of development was be- 
gun systematically. The discoverers of this magnificent prop- 
erty — farmers in the Gila valley — " builded better than they 
knew " when they conferred so appropriate a name on the 
wonderful mine. The vein matter is chiefly quartz; the ore is 
a sulphuret, carrying large quantities of native silver, polyba- 
site, copper glance, blende, antimony, and other combinations. 
No such bodies of native silver have iDeen found on the coast. 
The main working shaft is down over 600 feet, showing fine ore 
in the bottom; five levels have been run, and cross-cuts and 
winzes have thoroughly opened the mine. In places the ore 
body is 85 feet wide. A twenty-stamp mill has been put up at 
Pinal, five miles distant, and also a roaster and concentration 
works. The yield of bullion for May, 1881, amounted to $99,000. 
The ores are worl^d by the lixiviation process, which has proven 
a complete success. Whether we consider the size of the vein, 
the richness and variety of its ores, or its bullion yield, the 
King must be ranked as one of the great mines of the world. 

The North King has a shaft 450 feet in depth, with improved 
hoisting machinery. The South King has been sunk to a depth 
of 150 feet. The property is owned by San Francisco parties. 
The Eastland is down 200 feet, and work is prosecuted steadily. 
This mine is producing some fine ore. Hoisting-works have 
been erected. The Last Chance shows a vein nearly 5 feet in 
width. The ore is a sulphuret, rich in silver. There is a tunnel 
on the claim 160 feet in length. The Mount View has a 4-foot 
vein of argentiferous galena ore. It is opened by a shaft 100- 
feet in depth. The Alice Bell shows 4 feet of galena ore, carry- 
ing considerable silver. It has a tunnel 80 feet. 

The Belcher is one of the leading mines of the district. It 
is a chloride ore which gives an average of $82 per ton, the vein 
being from 3 to 5 feet wide. A ten-stamp mill has been 
erected on the property. The Eureka is on the same ledge 
as the Belcher. It shows a vein of chloride ore from 2 to 3 feet 
wide, assaying $100 per ton. It has produced about §5,000. 
The Surprise is a large gold ledge, 8 feet wide, assaying $40 per 
ton. It is owned by the Surprise Mining Company, who intend 



60 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

to erect a twenty-stamp mill the present year. The Gem is a 
5-foc)t ledge of gold quartz. A mill has recently been erected 
on the property, which is owned by the Wide Awake Mining 
Company. The Lewis shows 4 feet of carbonate ore. It is on 
the same ledge as the Belcher and Eureka. The Silver Bell has 
2^ feet of free-milling ore that assays $100 per ton. It has pro- 
duced $10,000, and is owned by the Silver Bell Mining Company, 
The Silver Queen is the first location made in Pioneer district. 
It is a large body of metal, rich in copper and silver. The mine 
is opened by shafts, drifts, etc. , and shows guod ore throughout. 
Some distance south-west of Pinal is a group of mines lately sold 
to a California company. The ore in these claims is a carb(jnate, 
rich in silver. The veins are large, and well situated fur wood 
and water. The company who purchased is known as the 
Pinole Mining Company. 

Mineral Hill. — This district is in the foothills of the Pinal 
mountains, about fifteen miles north-east of Florence. The 
formation of the district is granite. The Gila valley furnishes 
both wood and water. The ore is smelting, the veins huge, 
and of a good grade. They carry gold and silver. The Alice 
shows a ledge from 6 to 10 feet wide, carbonates and galena. 
Assays from this vein give $80 per tun. There is a 60-foot 
shaft and 180-foot tunnel on the properly. The Pacific is a 
ledge from 8 to 20 feet wide. It is opened by four shafts, the 
deepest being GO feet. Ore from this mine has assayed $100 per 
ton. The Le Roy is a 6- foot vein, going from 40 to 50 ounces 
per ton. It has a shaft 100 feet, and a tunnel of 150 feet. The 
Chocia is an immense vein, from 6 to 30 feet in width, portions 
of it assaying 50 ounces per ton, silver. A shaft 50 feet has 
been sutjk on the property. The lodes of#this district offer 
many advantages for a successful mining enterprise, and a pros- 
perous camp is certain to spring up here. 

QuAKjARTA. — Quarjarta district lies about six miles south of 
the Southern Pacific railroad, at Casa Grande. There is plenty 
of mesquite, palo verde, and ironwood, and water can be had 
by sinking in the bed of the Santa Cruz. The district has pro- 
duced very rich ore, which was shipped to San Francisco, be- 
fore the building of the railroad. The Quarjarta mine is opened 
by a shaft 146 feet deep, and by several o]:)en cuts. It shows 
4 feet of ore that assays $60. The east extension is a large 
vein of carbonate ore. It has a shaft 50 feet, and 38 feet of 
drifts. It assays $50 per ton. The Antelope shows a 6-foot 
vein of gold quartz. Selected ore from this mine has yielded 
$100 per ton, in arrastras. There is a 40-foot shaft on the claim. 
The Sacaton is a fine-looking prospect. It shows a ledge over 
14 feet wide, of carbonate ore, that assays $40 per ton. There 
are man}' other promising prospects in this district, which, with 
developraeiit, may prove valuable. 

On Saddle Mountain, between the junction of the San Pedro 
and the Gila, some discoveries of large carbonate veins have 
recently been made. The new camp is well situated, being in 
the center of a wooded region, while the Gila and the San 



MINING EESOUECES. 61 

Pedro furnish an inexhaustible water supply. The Hayes, the 
most prominent of these new discoveries, has a vein of car- 
bonates from 2 to 4 feet wide, which assay from $30 to $500 
per ton. There is an 80-f(»ot shaft on the claim. On the 
Golden Eagle there is a shaft 75 feet, and a cross-cut of 2G feet; 
the ore is carbonate, carries gpld and silver, and assavs from 
$70 to $100 per ton. The Majbell has a 60-foot shaft.'aud as- 
says $100 ]Der ton. There are some fifteen other locations, all 
showing" good ore. A 5-stamp custom mill will soon be in 
ojjeration at the mouth of the San Pedro. 

|. Randolph District is situated in the Superstition range, 
north-west from Pinal City. The ledges of the district are 
large, with ore of a high grade. The first discovery, known as 
the Randolph, is over 40 feet wide, the ledge being traceable 
across the country for several miles. The ores are mostly car- 
bonates and chlorides of silver. Assays run all the way from 
$3i' to $1,000 per ton. There is plenty of water, and wood can 
be had six miles distant. 

Casa Grande Distkict is situated about 20 miles south from 
the station of the same name on the Southern Pacific railroad. 
It is a late discovery, and the ores are said to be of a very high 
grade. Its proximity to the railroad gives this new district 
many advantages. A lively camp has sprung up about the 
mines, and the work of development is pushed forward vigor- 
ously. 

Copper — On Mineral creek, a tributary of the Gila, north- 
east from Florence, in the foothills of tbe Pipal mountains, are 
situated some rich copper mines. Tbe camp is about five miles 
from the Gila river, and abundance of wood is found in tbe 
neigbl)orhood. No better situation for a ruining camp can be 
found in tbe Territory. A smelter with a capacity of 30 tons in 
twenty-four hours, has been erected at the river, and is running 
successfully. Tbe Keystone is a large ledge carrying great 
quantities of native copper. The average of the ore is said to 
be about 25 per cent. The mine is opened by several shafts, 
drifts, etc. The Ida Ingalls is a 14-foot vein of copper glance, 
a large part of it giving assays of 30 per cent. There is a 
shaft 100 feet, and a drift 60 feet on tbe property. The Moni- 
tor shows 7 feet of good ore. It has several openings. 

GILA COUNTY. 

This county was created by act of the legislature of 1881, 
from portions of Pinal and Maricopa, and is one of the most 
thoroughly mineralized divisions of the Territory. Gold, silt 
ver, copper, lead, coal, and iron are found within its borders. 
In the richness of its silver ores, tbe region now embraced in 
Gila county has long been famous. With the exception of the 
Planchas de Plata, no such bodies of j^ure silver have been 
found in the Territory. This region was once the home of tbe 
Pinal Apaches, who guarded long and well the treasures which 
were known to be hidden in their mountain homes. As early 
as 1871, an expedition numbering nearly 300 men, and led by 



62 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

the Governor of the Territory, penetrated this region, but as 
their quest was for placer gold, they discovered none of the 
rich silver lodes over which they passed. It was not till 1875, 
that Globe district was organized and its boundaries defined. 
At that time the larger portion of the present county of Gila 
was embraced within the limits of the San Carlos Indian reser- 
vation, but the richness of the new discoveries caused the 
boundaries of the reservation to be narrowed, and the mineral 
region declared a portion of the public domain. ' i 

The geological formation of the county is generally granite, 
porphyry and. syenite. Quartzite is found in several places, and 
also limestone and micaceous slate. The rolling hills adjacent 
to Pinal creek show large beds of cement overlying the prim- 
itive rock. Water in abundance is found by sinking in the 
washes and gulches throughout the county, while Pinal creek 
is a running stream for nearly nine months in the year, and 
carries* at all seasons in its underground channel, water in 
abundance for the purposes of ore reduction. Of wood, it is 
estimated there are 40 square miles of pine in the Pinal mount- 
ains, besides oak and juniper in large quantities in different 
portions of the county. The ores of Gila show a great variety 
of mineral combinations. In the Pinal mountains they are a 
snlphuret, carrying base metal, and requiring to be roasted be- 
fore being milled. In the vicinity of Globe, Richmond Basin, 
and McMillenville, the ores are generally free-milling, with 
some iron and copper. The copper ores of the county are gen- 
erally of a high grade and easily reduced. Gila county has 
rich mines, and many of them; it has wood and water in plenty; 
its climate is unsurpassed; a railroad will soon tap the mineral 
field; capital is steadily seeking investment, and the future of 
this region is as bright as its past has been prosperous and pro- 
ductive. 

Globe District. — This district embraces the leading mines of 
Gila county. ProbaV)!}^ no portion of the Territory of the same 
extent has produced ore of such wonderful lichness. Tons of 
this ore, shipped to San Francisco in the early days of the dis- 
trict, have given the Globe country a reputation which has 
extended all over the coast. Among the leading mines of the 
district we enumerate the following: The Irene is a strong vein 
of carbonate ore, in some places 20 feet wide, and carrying 
a pay streak of about 6 feet, which will go close to $80 per 
ton. The mine is opened by a shaft 240 feet deep, and a tun- 
nel of 330 feet connecting with the shaft. The mine has well- 
defiued walls. It is owned by. the Irene Mining Company of 
New York. Over 300 tons of ore are on the dumps and a mill 
will soon be erected. The Alice is a 4-foot vein of free-mill- 
ing ore, assaying $100 per ton. It is opeued by a shaft 235 feet 
deep, and a tunnel nearly 300 feet in length. The property is 
owned by the Globe Mining Company. The Centennial shows 
2^ feet of grey carbonates, worth $100 per ton. It has a shaft 
100 feet, and two drifts, one of 130 feet and one of 100 feet. 
The Democrat is opened by a shaft 33 feet deep and by a tun- 



MINING RESOURCES. 63 

nel of 30 feet. It shows a 6-foot vein of free- milling ore run- 
ning from $40 to $150 jDor ton. It is a strong vein, and one 
of the most promising properties in the district. 

The Stonewall No. 1 is a large ledge with croppings in places 
20 feet high. Three distinct ledges are traceable the entire 
length of the claim. The center vein carries large quantities 
of horn silver; the others are rich in carbonates. The average of 
the main vein is 50 ounces silver, per ton. There are two shafts, 
50 and 100 feet deep, respectively. The ore body at the bottom 
of the deepest shaft is 12 feet wide, with good walls. The 
California shows a vein 5 feet wide, that assays from $40 to 
$100 per ton. A tunnel has been run on the claim nearly 200 
feet, and several shafts sunk, the deepest being 50 feet. The 
mine is about four miles north of the town of Globe. The Miami 
is a well-defined vein, carrying 3 feet of ore that has worked 
$70 per ton. Two shafts have been sunk, 80 and 90 feet 
respectively. There is a ten-stamp mill attached to the prop- 
ert3% which has produced over $25,000. The Champion shows 
a 4-foot ledge of free-milling ore. It is opened by a main 
shaft 125 feet deep, and bj' several drifts and tunnels. A ten- 
stamp mill has been erected, and has produced a large amount 
of bullion. 

The Golden Eagle is a large vein of free-milling ore. The 
mine is thoroughly opened by shafts, drifts, tunnels, etc. A 
ten-stamp mill reduces the ore. The bullion yield has already 
exceeded $80,000. The Julius is six miles from Globe. It has 
produced some exceedingly rich ore, and over $10,000 has been 
taken from it. Fifteen hundred pounds of ore from this mine, 
worked in San Francisco, yielded $5,000. The Eescue is one 
of the first discoveries in Globe district. Several tons of ore 
shipped to San Francisco went over $1,000 per ton. One ton 
yielded $3,000. The vein is 4 feet wide, chloride ore. There 
is a tunnel 84 feet and a shaft 80 feet. The Emeline has a 
shaft 50 feet. It shows a compact vein of free-milling ore, 18 
inches wide, which will average $150 per ton. The Chromo is 
one of the oldest locations in the camp. The ledge is made up 
of numerous spar veins, from a mere thread to 45 feet in width. 
The ore is found in tliese veins, and assays from $5 to $100 per 
ton. The ore is a chloride. 

The Centralia is one mile from Globe. It is in a limestone 
formation, showing many beautiful fossils. There is a tunnel 
on the property, of 100 feet. The ore shows a carbonate, im- 
pregnated with a sub-oxide of iron. No extensive workings have 
been made, but the claim shows a fine prospect. It has produced 
ore that has worked $224 per ton. The Townsend is owned by 
the Townsend Mining Company, The vein is from 2 to 
8 feet wide, gold ore. Small quantities worked by arrastra 
process, have given over $50 per ton. There is a tunnel on the 
property 150 feet in length. There are over 300 tons on the 
dumps. The company own a five-stamp mill. The Fame has 
a small vein, about 1 foot in width, of chloride and sulphuret 
ore that assays from $80 to $600 per ton. It has a shaft 50 



64 THE EESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

feet. The Independence has a shaft 120 feet, and a drift 
from tiie bottom, 30 feet. The vein is from 3 to 5 feet in 
"width. The ore is a chloride, carrying malleable silver, arid 
assays as high as $600 per tun. Selected ore has worked 584 
ounces, silver. The mine is eight miles from Globe. The. Anna 
is a large vein upon which but little work has been done. It 
has produced ore worth $170 per ton. The Cox and Copeland 
claim, seven miles from Globe, has produced several tboasand 
dollars in native silver. Among the many other valuable chdms 
in the vicinity of Globe, and within a radius of ten miles of the 
town, are the Bluebird, But-keye, McCt)rmick, Turk, Andy 
Campbell, South-west, Alice, Doudona, Florence, Empire, Im- 
perial, and scores of others. 

Richmond Basin. — The camp is situated on the western slope 
of the Apache mountains and about fourteen miles north of 
Globe. Wood and water are ])lentiful. The veins are strong 
and well defined. This camp is famous for the native silver 
nuggets which were found on the surface. It is estimated that 
over $80,000 in pure silver was picked up in this locality. The 
McMorris, the leading mine of the camp, is a vein nearly 8 
feet wide. The ore is a native silver, silver glance, and bro- 
mide of silver. The main shaft is down 400 feet. An incline has 
been sunk 300 feet, and a tunnel driven 100 feet. There are 
three levels aggregating 700 feet. The mine has been one of 
the most productive in Gila county, and the yield up to date is 
estimated at |400,000. Steam hoisting-woiks have been erected 
and also a ten-stamp mill. The Silver Nugget takes its name 
fix)m the " planchas" which were found within its limits on the 
surface. Some of these lumps of silver weighed five pounds. 
The ore of the Nugget, is free-milling. The vein is large, 
and is o])ened by two shafts, one of 160, and one of 100 feet, 
and a drift 180 feet in length. The ore is worked in a five- 
stamp mill. The East Richmond is a 9-foot vein, has pro- 
duced very rich ore, and is opened by two shafts, 100 feet and 
80 feet, respectively. The West Richmond is an extension of 
the McMorris. It shows a vein 8 feet wide. It has a shaft 
96 feet, and one of 35 feet. The Dundee is a 4-foot vein 
that assays $G0 per ton. It is a fine-looldng prospect. La 
Plata has a ledge 7 feet in width. A shaft has been sunk 
60 feet, and a tunnel run 120 feet. It is an extension of the 
McMorris, and has been sold for $60,000. The Cora, South 
Plata, Rifleman, Belle Boyd, and a great many others in this 
camp, show every indication of developing into valuable pay- 
ing properties. 

McMilleSville. — This group of mines is situated about twenty 
miles north of Globe, about six miles east of Richmond Basin, 
and almost eleven miles south of Salt river. Nearly all the 
locations are on one immense fissure, traceable across the coun- 
try for twelve miles. The country rock is porphyry and syenite. 
Wood and water are abundant. The Stonewall is the leading 
mine of the camp. It is a very large vein, impregnated with 
chlorides and native silveir. A stratum running into the main 



MINING RESOURCES. 65 

vein, and from 1 to 2 inches wide, is almost pure silver, and has 
yielded many thousands of dollars. Steam hoisting-works 
have been erected on the property. The main shaft is down 
600 feet, and there are over 700 feet of drifts, etc. A 5-stamp 
mill has been erected, and the total yield of silver is said to 
be $300,000. The Hannibal is the first extension north of 
the Stonewall, the vein being of the same size and of a similar 
character.* It has a shaft 160 feet, and 200 feet of drifts 
and cross-cuts. The Washington is the second north ex- 
tension of the Stonewall. Its shaft is down 100 feet. The 
Centennial and the Virginius are the third and fourth 
extensions of the Stonewall, north. The former has a 
shaft 25 feet, and the latter shows several feet of ore that 
assays $80 per ton. The R. E. Lee is the first extension south 
of the Stonewall. It is a large vein of free-milling ore; 
has a shaf fc 90 feet, and a drift 75 feet. The Henry Clay and 
tho San Francisco are also on the same vein, but have little de- 
velopment. The Democrat and the Little Mack are on a spur 
which runs into the Stonewall vein. They have both produced 
very rich native silver ore, the total yield being estimated at 
$85,000. The North Star is north-west from the Stonewall. It 
shows a ledge from 3 to 8 feet wide, and has produced ore that 
hns gone as high as $1,000 per ton. The mine is opened by a 
120-foot tunnel and a 60-foot shaft. The Concord and the Ne- 
vada are promising claims. The former is over 20 feet, and the 
latter about 10 feet wide, with a tunnel 200 feet in length, and 
shows ore going from $5 to $60 per ton. 

About sixteen miles south from Globe, on the southern slope 
of the Pinal mountains, is a group of mines which show large 
veins and high-grade ore. They are surrounded by a fine body 
of timber, and never-failing springs of water. The South 
Pioneer is the most prominent mine in the group. It is a 
3-foot vein of sulphuret, rich in native silver. Assays from this 
ledge have gone as higla as $20,000 per ton. Work is pushed 
forward steadily, and hoisting machinery and reduction works 
will soon be erected. The property is being opened by three 
shafts, the deepest at this writing, being 80 feet. The Pioneer 
is one of the finest-looking properties in Gila county. The 
Great Republic shows a 2-foot vein, assaying $150 per ton. 
The ore is the same character as the Pioneer. The mine has 
a shaft 80 feet deep. The Missouri. mine is also a fine property, 
carrying a strong vein of sulphuret ore, with beautiful speci- 
mens of native copper. 

Copper. — Gila county contains some of the finest copper 
properties in the Territory. The Globe copper mine is, about 
one mile from the town to which it has giv^ its name. It was 
the first mine located in what is now Gila county. It is a-large 
vein, and has been taken up for several miles. The ore is a 
high grade, carrying $25 in silver. The True Blue is one of 
the most promising copper properties in the district. It is 
opened by several shafts and tunnels, and shows 3 feet of 
ore that gives an average of 30 per cent. A smelter of 30 tons 
5 



66 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

capacity is nearly completed on this property, whicli is situated 
about three miles from Globe. The O'Doherty is another large 
vein, carrying high-grade ore, and opened by a shaft 50 feet 
deep. About eight miles from Globe, at what is known as the 
Bloody Tanks, is another group of copper ledges, on which a 
smelter of 30 tons capacity is now being erected by a New York 
company. The Chicago, New York, Old Dominion, and Buf- 
falo are owned by this company. The veins are large, and the 
ore is said to be of a high grade. 

MOHAVE COUNTY. 

Mohave is purely a mineral region. Its agricultural resources 
are confined to a strip of land along the Big Sandy, and to the 
valley of the Colorado. There are portions of the county 
•which afford good grazing, but mining must be its main, and 
we had almost said, its only industry. Almost every mountain 
range within its borders is seamed with rich veins of gold, 
silver, and copper. The distance from supplies, the cost of 
freight, and the want of proper reduction works, have hitherto 
prevented the proper development of Mohave's vast mineral 
•wealth. The building of the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, 
which will pass through the center of the mining region, as- 
sures for this county, so long isolated and neglected, a bright 
future. The silver ores of Mohave are mostly sulj^hurets, car- 
rying native silver, ruby silver, silver glance, and other rich 
combinations. Chlorides are also found, and some rich argent- 
iferous galena. The veins are nearly all inclosed by well-de- 
fined walls. Water and wood are abundant in nearly every 
locality. A band of prospectors entered Mohave county in 
1858, and explored the mountain ranges near the Sacramento 
valley. It was not until 1863, however, that any real work was 
done; but the hostility of the Hulj)ai Indians, who killed many 
miners in their shafts, compelled the abandonment of the 
country. In 1871 and 1872 the first permanent improvements 
were made. Since then Mohave county has struggled against 
every obstacle and disadvantage which her remote situation 
naturally entailed. The lack of reduction works necessitated 
the shipping of the ores to San Francisco, at an enormous ex- 
pense. Ores that would not go $500 per ton left no profit for 
the owner. Despite these drawbacks, the county has steadily 
advanced; the great richness of its mines has been proven con- 
clusively, and they only await the benefits of cheap transporta- 
tion to become steady bullion-producers. 

HuALAJAi District. — This district is situated in the Cerbat 
range, about 35 miles from the Colorado river. The formation 
is granite and gneiss. Wood is plentiful, and water in sufficient 
quantities for milling purposes. The veins are of fair size, and 
the ore is of high grade. The Lone Star has been worked to a 
depth of 200 feet, and is opened by over 300 feet of levels. 
It shows a vein of rich ore over 18 inches in width that 
assays $150 per ton. The ore is concentrated and shipped to 
San Francisco. It is a sulphuret, carrying considerable base 



MINING RESOUECES. 67 

metal. This mine has produced over $60,000. It has steam 
hoisting-works. The Keystone has a shaft 260 feet, one of 150 
feet, and over 400 feet of levels, drifts, winzes, etc. A five- 
stamp mill, with roaster, has been erected on the property, and 
also steam hoisting machinery. The mine shows a 2-foot 
vein of sulphuret ore, that has worked $100 per ton. The 
property is owned by the New York Mining and Milling Com- 
pany, and has produced over $100,000. The Fairfield is a 
5-foot vein that assays $60 per ton. It has a shaft 185 feet. A 
tunnel is being pushed to strike the vein, which is now in 1,000 
feet. The Stark and Ewing is an extension of the Keystone. 
It shows a 5-foot vein, and has a shaft 40 feet. The Ithaca has 
a vein ranging from 1 to 2 feet of chloride ore, assaying $70 
per ton. It is opened by 500 feet of shafts, drifts, and tun- 
nels. It has produced about $12,000. The Kattlesnake has 
a 70-foot shaft and a 75-foot tunnel. It shows 8 ieet of 
chloride ore worth $50 per ton. All these claims are in the 
immediate vicinity of Mineral Park. About four miles north 
is the camp of Chloride, which shows rich ores and large veins, 
among which may be mentioned the following: The Connor, a 
3-foot ledge, assaying $100 per ton. It has a shaft 100 feet, 
carries both gold and silver, and has produced $20,000. It is 
owned by the Arizona Northern Mining Company. The Empire 
has a vein of rich sulphurets, and has turned out $10,000. The 
Schuylkill is a 3-foot vein of carbonate ore,, assaying from $50 
to $75 per ton. It is opened by two shafts, one 65. and the 
other 40 feet. The Schenectady has a shaft 80 feet, with a 
3-foot vein, running from $50 to $70 per ton. The Yalley 
View is a large vein, running from 8 ta 10 feet wide, with 
an average of $40 per ton. It is opened by three shafts and 
one tunnel. The San Antonio has a shaft 50 feet; a vein 
2^ feet wide of free-milling ore, Avorth $100 per ton. The 
Donohue and the Rogers are also fine properties, and have 
produced about $18,000 each. In Todd's basin, about four 
miles south of Mineral Park, there is a group of mines which 
have considerable work done upon them. The most prominent 
are the Todd, a 4-foot vein of sulphuret ore, going about $60 
per ton. The Oro Plata has a tunnel 100 feet, and several 
drifts and shafts. It has a 4-foot vein of free-milling ore, 
that goes over $50 per ton. It has produced $30,000. The 
Mariposa shows 18 inches of chloride ore, worth $150 per ton. 
It has two shafts, 40 and 30 feet, and has yielded $10,000. The 
Paymaster is a vein 3 J feet wide, assaying $60 per ton. A shaft 
has been sunk 50 feet. The mine has yielded $15,000. The 
Silver has a shaft 35 feet, and a body of ore 3 feet wide that 
averages $80 per ton. 

Cekbat is about seven miles south of Mineral Park, in the mount- 
ain range of the same name. The country formation is granite. 
Wood is abundant, and water in quantities sufficient for ore 
reduction. The ores are generally of a high grade, but most of 
them carry sulphurets and require roasting before being milled. 
The Cerbat claim has a 4-foot vein that assays $100 per ton. 



68 THE KESOUKCES OF AEIZONA. 

The ore is a sulpliuret, carrying liorn silver. It is opened by a. 
shaft of 120 feet, and by two drifts, 80 and (55 feet. The ore 
carries gold and silver. A complete five-stamp mill with a 
roaster attached, has lately been erected. The mine has i)ro- 
dnced $25,000 from steam arrastras. The property is owned by 
the Arizona Northern Mining Company. The Fontenoy shows 
a vein 2^ feet wide that assays $125 per ton. The ore is a 
chloride of silver, and the mine has already yielded over $30,000. 
It is opened by two shafts, 110 and 75 feet, respectively, and a 
tunnel 65 feet. The Seventy-eight, formerly known as the 
Sixty-three, carries a vein of chlorides from 1 to 3 feet wide. 
Ore from this mine, shipped to San Francisco, has yielded, on an 
average, $350 per ton. The mine has produced in the neighbor- 
hood of $300,000. The claim is opened by 300 feet of shafts 
and 700 feet of tunnels. The Silver shows a vein from 2 to 4 
feet wide, that assays $80 per ton. It has a shaft 80 feet and 
50 feet of tunnels. The Flagstaff is opened by two shafts, one 
of 150 feet, and another of 100 feet. It has a vein 3^ feet wide 
that averages, by assay, $70 per ton. The Gold Bar has a 
3-foot vein of gold quartz and a shaft 200 feet deep. Ores from 
this mine have been worked by arrastra process with satisfactory 
results. The Black and Tan is opened by a tunnel 250 feet in 
length, and a shaft 75 feet. It shows 2 feet of ore that assays 
about ilOD per ton, and has yielded $20,000. The Flores has a 
vein of free-milling ore 3 feet Avide, working $50 in gold, and 
$20 in silver. It is opened by a shaft 95 feet deep and a tunnel 
200 feet in length. It has produced nearly $35,000, the ore 
being workfed in arrastras. The Vanderbilt has one shaft 90 feet 
and another 50 feet. It carries gold and silver. The vein is 
about 2 feet wide, and the ore assays $70 per ton. The Tulare 
has 4 feet of ore that assays $50 per ton. It is opened by a 
shaft 110 feet, and has produced over $10,000 in gold and silver. 
The' Bay State is a carbonate ore. Its vein is 4 feet, assaj'ing 
$10 per ton.. It has 3 shafts, 90, 80, and 30 feet. The New 
London shows 3 feet of galena ore, worth $50 per ton. Its 
deepest shaft is 95 feet, and it has produced $9,000 in silver. 
There are many other claims in the Cerbat camp showing good 
ore and large veins. Nearly all the bullion ^produced has been 
taken from ore shipped to San Francisco by poor mine-owners, 
who have made their claims pay against every disadvantage. 

Stockton Camp is situated on the eastern slope of the Cerbat 
range, about six miles south-east from Mineral Park. It has a 
delightful situation, fronting on the Hualapai valley, and is only 
eight miles from the surveyed line of the Atlantic and Pacific 
railroad. The formation is granite; wood and water are found in 
abundance. The camp has been self-sustaining, having received 
no aid from outside capital. The Cupel has produced about 
$150,000. It is a 2-foot vein, and has worked $100 per ton. It is 
opened by 500 feet of shafts and drifts. The ore is a sulphuret 
of silver. The Prince George shows a 3-foot vein that assays 
$80 per ton. It has 100 fe'et of shafts and has produced 
$12,000. The IXL has two shafts, 110 and 80 feet. The 



MINING RESOUKCES. " 69 

width of the vein is 3^- feet, which assays $80 per ton. 
The Infallible is a strong vein 4 feet wide, with ore that 
averages by assay $70 per ton. It is opened by five shafts 
and 100 feet of drifts. It carries gold and silver, and Las 
produced over $5,000. The Tigress has 18 inches of rich 
galena ore, worth $150 per ton. It is opened by several 
shafts and drifts, and has yielded $25,000. The Little Chief is 
a small but exceedingly rich vein. It has nearly 200 feet of 
shafts and other openings. The ore shipped has gone from 
$400 to $1,200 per ton. The total yield has been about $50,000. 
The Cincinnati, Bullion, Silver Monster, Fountain Head, 
Miner's Hope, and many others, are very encouraging pros- 
pects, with every indication of developing into paying prop- 
erties. 

Maynaud District. — This district is in the Hualapai mountains, 
twenty-eight miles east of Mineral Park. It is the finest wooded 
portion of Mohave, and is producing 'some very rich ore. The 
Atlantic and Pacific railroad will pass witliin ten miles of the 
mines. The American Flag is the leading mine of the district. 
It is a 2-foot vein of sulphuret ore, giving an average assay 
of $100 per ton. It is thoroughly opened by 2,000 feet of 
shafts and drifts. Some of the richest ore ever taken out in the 
Territory has come from this claim. It has produced $70,000, 
the ore being shipped to San Francisco. A mill will shortly 
be erected. The Antelope shows a 4-foot vein of fine sul- 
phuret ore. It is opened by 400 feet of shafts and drifts. The 
mine has produced $15,000. The Dean has a large vein, nearly 
6 feet in width. It has a shaft 180 feet, and 600 feet of tun- 
nels. The ore is a sulphuret and of a high grade. The Mari- 
posa is opened by 700 feet of shafts and drifts. It carries good 
ore and has yielded nearly $8,000. 

Cedar Valley District is about sixty miles east of the Colo- 
rado river at Aubrey Landing, and about sixty miles south of Min- 
eral Park. "Wood is abundant, and water for ore reduction can be 
had at the Sandy, fifteen miles distant. The veins are well de- 
fined, in walls of granite. The ore is a sulphuret of silver. The 
Arnold shows a vein 18 inches wide, that assays $100 per ton. 
It has a shaft 60 feet, and a tunnel 130 feet. It is owned by the 
Arnold Mining Company, and has produced $20,000, gold and 
silver. The Silver Queen has a shaft 130 feet, and over 200 
feet of tunnels and cross-cuts. Its vein is 3 feet, assaying $60 
per ton. A 5-stamp mill and roaster have been erected on the 
property by the Hampden Mining Company. The Hibernia is 
a strong vein, 4 feet wide, with an average of $60 per ton. 
It has a shaft 100 feet. The Hope is a large vein and has some 
very rich ore. It is estimated that it has yielded $20,000. The 
Bunker Hill is a 2-foot vein, and the Congress is a vein of the 
same size, both carrying good ore. These are only a few of 
the mines of Cedar Valley. There are scores of others, well 
worthy of inspection. 

Hackberry District. — This camp is about 30 miles east of 
Mineral Park, in the Peacock range. The formation is a granite 



70 THE RESOUECES OF ARIZONA. 

and j3orphyry. The camp was at one time the most prosperous 
in Mohave, but the stoppage of the Hackberry mine has caused 
it to become almost deserted. It is expected that with the ad- 
vance of the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, which will pass within 
three miles of the mines, operations will again be resumed. The 
Hackberry vein is about 40 feet in width. About 18 inches of this 
vein carries rich silver ore, which gives an average, by working 
process, of $200 per ton. There isone shaft of 400 feet, another of 
270, and one of 180 feet. The mine is opened by levels, dnfts, and 
cross-cuts. It is estimated that the total yield of bullion has 
been over $300,000. A fine 10-stamp mill and roaster have 
been erected on the property. The mine is owned b}' the Hack- 
berry Milling and Mining Company. The Descent is a small 
vein of rich ore, which has produced nearly $30,000. It has 
two shafts, one of 90, and one of 100 feet. The Hester is an 
extension of the Hackberry. It has two shafts, 100 and 60 
feet each. It has produced about $10,000. The Hackberry 
South is a 4-foot vein, assaying $50 per ton. It is opened by 
several shafts, and has yielded $15,000. 

San Francisco District is situated nine miles east of Hardy- 
ville on the Colorado river, in the Union Pass range. It was 
discovered in 18G3, and work has been carried on there at in- 
tervals ever since. The Moss is the leading mine of the dis- 
trict. It is an immense gold ledge, nearly 40 feet in width, 
and will average $12 per ton, from wall to wall. The mine has 
been workedr. extensively in years past, and has produced some 
of the richest gold rock ever taken out in the Territory. It 
has one tunnel 290 feet, one shaft 240 feet, one shaft 98, and 
1,700 feet of levels, drifts, etc. The mine has produced 
nearly $130,000. Its proximity to the river makes this a valu- 
able projDcrty for those who have the requisite capital to work 
it properly. • The San Francisco Moss is an extension of the 
Moss. It is a vein 40 feet in width, carrying ore that averages 
all the way across, $6 per ton. There are many portions of 
the ledge that go much higher. It has 300 feet of shafts, drifts, 
and tunnels. The West Extension is an 18-foot ledge of gold 
quartz, with a 60-foot shaft. 

Gold Basin District has just been organized, and is- situ- 
ated thirty-five miles north from Mineral Park, in the Cerbat 
range. The ledges are large gold-bearing quartz dikes. The 
El Dorado has a vein from 2 to 4 feet wide, that assays 
$40 per ton. The Northern Belle shows 2 feet that will assay 
$25 per ton. The Golden Eule is a vein about one foot wide, 
assaying $70 per ton. The Poorman has a foot of ore worth 
$60 per ton. The Indian Boy, Harmonica, K, Antelope, 
Buckskin, and Banker, are all very fine-looking prospects, 
assaying from $15 to $100 per ton, in gold. 

Owens District is in the southern portion of Mohave, near 
the line of Yuma. The formation of the country rock is granite 
and porphyry. Abundance of water is found in the Sandy, 
which flows through the district. The camp was established in 
the fall of 1874, and has been the most productive portion of 



MINING RESOURCES. ' 71 

Mohave county. The fame of the McCracken has extended 
all over the coast. The heavy cost of supplies of all kinds has 
caused the temporary stoppage of work on this property, but 
with the advent of the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, which will 
pass within forty miles of the mines, work will no doubt be 
resumed. The Alta and the Senator are the leading mines of 
the district. They are on the great McCracken lode, which cuts 
across the country for miles. .They show veins of free-milling 
ore, from 6 to 37 feet in width, which have worked $35 per 
ton. Over $200,000 has been expended in work and in improve- 
ments, and more than $800,000 in silver has been taken out. 
They are owned by the McCracken Consolidated Mining Com- 
pany. Two mills have been erected, one of 20 stamps and one of 
10 stamps. The ores of this great fissure are mainly chlorides, 
bromides, sulphides of silver, with some galena. Over 24,000 
tons of ore have been extracted and worked. The mines are 
opened by a shaft 3G7 feet deep, sunk on the line between them, 
and by five adit levels run on the vein. In size of vein and 
free character of its ores, the McCracken has few equals in the 
Territory. The San Francisco and the Atlanta are north of the 
Senator and Alta, on the same vein. They are owned by the 
Peabody Mining Company, and have produced nearly $200,000. 
They show about 30 feet of chloride ore, with some galena that 
has averaged $30 per ton. The San Francisco has a shaft 
300 feet, and over 300 feet of tunnels and drifts. The shaft of 
the Atlanta is down 150 feet. It has also a tunnel 200 feet in 
length. Work is carried on steadily. The Centennial and the 
Potts mine are about four miles south of the Senator, on the 
same vein, have had considerable work done on them, and show 
largo ore bodies. 

Greenwood District adjoins Owens district on the east. Its 
principal mine is the Burro, situated on a creek of the same 
name. It is one of the largest veins in the Territory. It shows 
35 feet of ore going from $8 to $300 per ton. A shaft has 
been sunk 250 feet, and several cross-cuts made on the claim. 
It carries gold and silver, and has abundance of wood and water 
close at hand. 

YUMA COUNTY. 

The mineral field of Yuma county, in variety and extent, will 
compare with any portion of the Territory. Gold, silver, cop- 
per, and lead abound in its mountain ranges. The history of 
mining in this county dates back to 1858, when Colonel Snively 
discovered the rich placers at Gila, twenty-five miles east of the 
Colorado. For nearly four years work was prosecuted steadily 
at this point, and a large amount of gold taken out. At Mes- 
quite, some distance south of the railroad, very rich placer de- 
posits have been discovered in the past year, and thousands of 
dollars have been taken therefrom. In fact, that portion of 
Yuma county south of the Southern Pacific railroad, is known 
to be rich in alluvial gold, but, on account of the scarcity of 
water, " dry washing " is the only way by which the mines can 
be worked. The first mining north of the Gila river by Ameri- 



72 THE EESOURCES OP ARIZONA. 

cans began in 1862. In that year, Pauline Weaver discovered 
rich placers at a point seven miles east of La Paz. The fame 
of these discoveries spread far and wide, and within a year over 
2,000 men were "digging for the yellow treasure in the mountains 
east of the Colorado. It is estimated that gold to the value of 
over a million and a half of dollars was taken out. There are 
yet a number of Mexicans who stick by the old camp, and con- 
siderable gold finds its way to Yuma and other points. With 
the decline of the placer deposits, valuable discoveries of silver, 
copper, and lead were made in the mountain ranges that run 
parallel with the Colorado. Some of those discoveries have 
proven to be among the most valuable properties in the Terri- 
tory. 

Castle Dome District is situated about twenty miles north of 
Yuma, in the Castle Dome mountains. The district was dis- 
covered in 1863, by the eminent geologist. Professor Blake, but 
owing to the hostility of the Indians, nothing was done until 
1869. The mines are about seventeen miles from the river, and 
surrounding the lofty, natural "Dome," after which the range 
has been named. The formation is a slate and porphyry. The 
veins are found in fluor-spar and talc. The ores are a galena 
and carbonate of lead, carrying about $35 in silver, and from 
60 to 70 per cent, in lead, with traces of gold. The ores are 
concentrated, hauled to the Colorado river, and shipped to San 
Francisco. The principal mines are the Railroad, Flora Tem- 
ple, William Penn, Pocahontas, and Caledonia. They are owned 
by the Castle Dome Mining and Smelting Company, of New 
York. The Flora Temple has one main shaft 300 feet, and is 
thoroughly opened by drifts, tunnels, winzes, etc. The vein is 
about 4 feet wide, and the average yield is 30 ounces silver and 
78 per cent. lead. The William Penn has two shafts of over 200 
feet each, connected by a level 400 feet in length. It is a strong 
vein, showing good ore in every drift and stope. The yield is 
about the same as from the Flora Temple. The Pocahontas 
and Railroad have each a shaft 250 feet, and are connected by 
a drift 200 feet in length. These mines show large bodies of 
fine smelting ores, and go about 35 ounces, in silver. 

The mines of Castle Dome are among the most productive 
and profitable of any in the Territory. Their proximity to the 
Colorado and the low rates of freight to San Francisco, permit 
the mining of ox'es of a low grade. The product finds a ready 
market in San Francisco on account of its fine smelting quali- 
ties, being used principally as a flux to more rebellious ores. 
It is estimated that these mines have already produced nearly 
$2,000,000 and from present appearances they promise to yield 
many millions more. 

Silver Disteict. — This district was first brought to notice 
nearly fifteen years ago by Colonel Snively, the discoverer of 
the Gila diggings. As placers were then the only mines which 
were thought worthy any attention, Snively and his companions 
abandoned the district and it remained undisturbed until about 
three years ago. At that time Greorge Sills, Neil Johnson, 



MINING RESODKCES. 73 

George W. Norton, and Gus Crawford relocated many abandoned 
claims and organized the district anew. Since then a great 
many discoveries have been made, some valuable properties 
have been developed, several important sales have been con- 
summated, and Silver is to day the leading mining camp of 
the county. The district is situated on the Colorado river 
about forty miles above the town of Yuma, and about five miles 
from the stream. The formation of the country rock is mostly 
granite and porphyry, the surface showing some traces of 
volcanic action. The character of the ore may be generally 
described as an argentiferous galena, carrying rich sulphides, 
chlorides, and carbonates. The ore is generally found in com- 
bination with spar and quartz. There appear to be three main 
ore channels traversing the district, having a north-west and 
south-east direction. The veins are well defined and con- 
tinuous, showing or^ bodies of unusual width. Tlie Red Cloud 
has the most development of any mine in the district. It is a 
large vein, 10 feet wide at bottom of shaft, with immense crop- 
pings. The mine was purchased from the original locators by 
the Red Cloud Mining Company, a New York incorporation. 
The company have sunk an incline following the dip of the 
vein 274 feet, and have started a working shaft which is down- 
300 feet. The vein is also opened by several open cuts and 
drifts. It is said that the yield of bullion has already reached 
$100,000. There is a 20-ton furnace at the river, five miles 
distant, which is working satisfactorily. 

The Black Rock shows an immense outcrop, and appears on 
the surface to be nearly 200 feet wide. The property has been 
sold for $135,000, A shaft has been sunk 100 feet, following 
the foot wall, from which very rich ore has been taken. The 
purchasers of the property are pushing the work of develop- 
ment with energy, and the prospects for the opening of a valu- 
able mine are not excelled anywhere. The Pacific adjoins the 
Black Rock, and is owned by the same company. It is a vein 
similar to the latter, showing fine ore. The Iron Cap has a 
shaft 200 feet deep, the vein between the walls in the bottom 
being fully 50 feet wide, showing good ore. The mine is owned 
by the Iron Cap Mining Company. The Silver Glance has pro- 
duced some very rich piineral, and is one of the finest proper- 
ties in the district. Like all the other veins, it is large and well 
defined. A tunnel over 200 feet in length has tapped the ledge 
nearly 150 feet below the surface. The Nellie Kenyon adjoins 
the Red Cloud on the north. The vein in some places shows a 
width of 30 feet. The ore is a rich galena, combined with fluor- 
spar. By assay, the yield is 40 ounces in silver. The mine is 
comparatively unprospected, but gives every promise of be- 
coming valuable. 

About a mile to the eastward of the above mines is another 
ore channel, showing some fine-looking properties, among which 
are the Hamburg, Caledonia, Yuma Chief, and several others. 
The Caledonia has a shaft 100 feet, and carries a large vein 
of smelting ore. East of the last-mentioned group, about ono 



74 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

and a half miles, is the Klara camp, in which is located many 
promising-lookiug claims. The Klara is a vein over 30 feet 
wide, seamed throughout with ore. The property is being 
thoroughly opened by shafts and cross-cuts. The Mamie 
shows an ore body 15 feet wide, that gives an average assay of 
40 ounces of silver per ton. The North Star is from 12 to 40 
feet wide, and carries ore worth 30 ounces silver per ton. The 
New York, Great Eepublic, Southern Cross, and many other 
locations show large veins, although but little work-has been 
done upon them. Silver District has a desirable location. Its 
veins are among the largest that have been discovered in Ari- 
zona. Its immense outcroppings show true fissures. Its ores 
are easily reduced, and of a good grade. With all these ad- 
vantages, there is no reason why it should not take a foremost 
place among the bullion-producing camps of the Territory. 

Montezuma District is five miles south of <Castle Dome. The 
veins are large, many of them being 40 feet wide. Assays as 
high as 500 ounces, silver, have been made from several of them. 
They carry gold also, and copper. Very little ' work has been 
done in the district, but the surface prospects are most en- 
couraging. 

Ellsworth District is about sixty-five miles from Sentinel 
station on the Southern Pacific railroad, in the north-east corner 
of Yuma county, and near the line of Yavapai. The mines are 
situated in a rolling, hilly country, covered with a sparse 
growth of grass. Mesquite, ironwood, and palo verde grow on 
the hills, and water is found in sufficient quantities for the 
milling of ores. The formation of the district is a granite and 
porphyry. The veins are large, with bold outcroppings. The 
ores of Ellsworth district are a gold quartz, carrying some silver. 
The camp has a good situation, and will undoubtedly become 
one of the leading gold camps of the Territory. The Oro 
claim has a shaft 70 feet, besides open cuts and tunnels. It 
shows 5 feet of quartz that has worked $20 per ton. The mine 
is owned by the Oro Milling and Mining Company. A five- 
stamp mill has been erected on the property and $10,000 has 
already been taken out. The Nabob has a shaft 75 feet and a 
body of quartz 4^ feet wide. Assays from this claim have gone 
as high as $350 per ton. This is one of the most promising 
mines in the district, showing large croppings and well-defined 
walls. The Argenta has a vein 4i- feet wide, some of which 
assays as high as $180 per ton. This claim carries a great deal 
of galena, rich in free gold. The Socorro has a tunnel 50 feet 
in length. It is a 4-foot vein carrying ore that goes $25 per 
ton. The Richards and Ells claim is opened by a tunnel 100 
feet in length. It shows 4 feet of ore, worth $20 per ton. The 
Last Chance has a 20-foot shaft and shows an ore body 4J feet 
wide, that assays $29 per ton. The General Grant is down 20 
feet, and has ore that goes $240 per ton. The Hawkeye, K, 
Peacock, Ellis, Oskoloosa, Oro Grande, Turtle, and many others, 
all show good ore and large veins. But little work has been 
done on any of them, but what has been done is sufficient to 
prove their value. 



MINING RESOUKCES. 75 

Plomosa Disteict. — This district is about thirty-five miles east 
of Ehrenberg, on the Colorado river. It has been known 
since 1862, and has some large and rich bodies of copper and 
silver ores. A great deal of placer gold was taken from this 
neighborhood in early times. There is plenty of mesquite and 
palo verde growing on the hills, and water for milling purposes 
is only eight miles distant. The formation is granite, slate, 
limestone and porphyry. The Miami is an immense outcrop of 
gold quartz, running through a hill which is seamed with par- 
allel veins its entire length. This ore body is about 300 feet 
wide. It has three shafts, GO, 50, and 40 feet, respec^vely. The 
ore is silver, carrying some copper. The Apache Chief is a vein 
6 feet wide, assaying well in copper. A large amount of work 
has been done on the claim. It has a shaft 225 feet and a tun- 
nel 100 feet, following the vein. The Pichaco shows 4 feet 
of galena ore that goes $50 per ton in silver. It has two tun- 
nels, 100 feet each, and three shafts, the deepest being 100 
feet. There are many other claims in this district well worthy 
of inspection by those looking for desirable investments. 

HiUicuvAu Disteict is situated about thirty miles north of 
Ellsworth, and about the same distance as the latter from the 
Colorado river. It contains several large copper veins, which 
show every indication of permanency. The country rock is 
granite. The veins average from 5 to 15 feet in width. Ores 
from this district have worked 37 per cent. 

Bill Williams Foek Disteict. — This district is near the south- 
ern boundary of Mohave county, and extending west to the 
Colorado. The ores are copper and of a high grade. The 
Planet, the principal mine of the district, was discovered in 
1863, and has been worked at intervals ever since, yielding over 
6,000 tons of copper ore, going from 20 to 60 per cent. The 
ores from this mine have been shipped to San Francisco. The 
claim is opened by many shafts, drifts, and tunnels, and shows 
large bodies of ore. The Centennial and the-Challenge copper 
mines, pear the Planet, are also fine properties. 

MARICOPA COUNTY. 

Although generally considered an agricultural region, Mari- 
copa county i^ rich in the precious metals, almost every 
mountain range within the limits of the county showing min- 
eral. The north-eastern portion, embracing the sj^urs and 
foothills of the Superstition and Mazatzal ranges, is known to 
be rich in gold, silver, and copper, but as yet has been but 
little explored. That division of the county, south of the Gila, 
is known to contain rich silver and copper deposits, although 
the development thus far has been very slight. Maricopa pos- 
sesses every natural auxiliary for the mining and reduction of 
ores, besides producing all the supplies necessary for the suc- 
cessful prosecution of the industry. 

The Vulture mine is situated in the north-western portion of 
the county. This great lode has a reputation which has made 
it famous all over the Pacific coast. No mine ever located in 



76 TEE EESOUECES OF ARIZONA. 

the Territory is perhaps ho well known bejond its borders. 
The mine was discovered in 1863, by Henry Wickenburg, and 
worked almost continuously by an Eastern companj' until 1873. 
The high rates of freight and the cost of hauling the ore — $8 
per ton — to the mill, sixteen miles distant, caused a suspension 
of work and an abandonment of the property. The mine was 
afterwards located by other parties, who erected a ten-stamp 
mill on the Hassayampa, twelve miles distant, and worked the 
ores successfully for several years. Three years ago the prop- 
erty passed into the hands of the Central Arizona Mining Com- 
pany, and shice that time the mine has entered on an era of 
prosperity it never knew before. The new company have 
brought water in pipes from the Hassayampa, a distance of 
sixteen miles, and have erected an eighty-stamp mill at the 
mine. The property has had more work done upon it than any 
mine in the Territory. A deep excavation on the surface shows 
the ore body to be nearly 100 feet in width. A depth of 390 
feet has been reached, and several levels and cross-cuts run on 
the vein. The ledge lies between a hanging wall of porphyry 
and a foot wall of talcose slate. It is situated in a low hill, and 
at a depth of about 200 feet the vein is almost vertical. With 
the present arrangements for reduction, tbe ore is extracted and 
milled at a total cost of $2 25 i^er ton. More stamps will soon 
be added, and the yield of bullion largely increased. The Vul- 
ture has produced more money than any mine in the Territory, 
the total yield being placed at $3,000,000 in gold. With the 
immense ore bodies in sight, and the appliances for reducing 
them, we may look to see many millions more taken from this 
fine property. 

Cave Creek. — This district is about thirty miles- north from 
Phoenix, in the southern spurs of the Yerde mountains. The 
country rock is slate and granite; the veins are of good size, with 
well-defined walls. Water is found in abundance from three 
to five miles of the camp. The Carbonate Chief shows a vein of 
carbonate ore nearly 7 feet wide, assaying $50 per ton. It 
carries gold and silver, and is opened by a shaft 50 feet in 
depth. The Panther is a large vein, with ore similar to the 
Chief. It is opened by several shafts and tunnels. Both of 
these mines are owned by the Panther Mining C©mpan3^ The 
Lion is a 4-foot vein of gold quartz. Ore from this mine has 
worked $40 per ton. It is opened by a shaft 30 feet and a drift 
50 feet, and has produced $10,000. The Rackensack is a 2-foot 
vein, going $40 per ton in gold. It is opened b}' a shaft 
and tunnel, the former 50 feet, and the latter 60 feet. It has 
yielded $8,000. The Golden Star is a fine-looking body of 
quartz. It has a shaft 60 feet deep, and has produced about 
$10,000. A ten-stamp mill has been erected on the claim. 
The Hunter's Rest, Maricopa, Chico, and Catherine are all 
promising prospects, showing large ore bodies. 

WiNNiFRED District. — This district is about fifteen miles north 
of Phoenix. The ledges are a gold quartz. The country forma- 
tion is a granite and slate. A five-stamp mill run by water- 



MINING RESOURCES. 77 

power, has been erected on the Grand canal, four miles from 
Phoenix and eleven miles from the mines, where the ore is re- 
duced. This is a new camp, but promises to become an im- 
portant one. The Union is opened by a 75-foot shaft, and 
shows a vein 3| feet wide, all of which has worked $15 per ton. 
This mine is worked steadily, and promises to become a valu- 
able property. The Scarlet has a veiu 3 feet wide, assaying 
$50 per ton. It has a shaft 20 feet deep. The Gila Monster 
shows 2^ feet of good ore. The claim is opened by a 40-foot 
shaft. The Red Dog, San Diego, and Mogul are all fine pros- 
pects. 

Myees District. — This district is about forty miles south of the 
Gila Bend station on the Southern Pacific railroad. The ledges 
show strong and well-defined fissures filled with argentiferous 
galena and carbonate ores, dissaving all the way from $50 to 
$5,000 per ton. Wood and water are not plentiful. The prin- 
cipal mines are the Gunsight, Silver Girt, Morning Star, 
Crescent, Monumental, and Atlanta. Some rich copper dis- 
coveries have been recently made in the mountain range south 
of Phoenix. The ledges are represented as being from 10 to 30 
feet wide, carrying ore which assays from 20 to 53 per cent. 
But little work has yet been done on these veins, but they give 
every promise of becoming productive copper properties. 

GRAHAM Am) APACHE COimTIES. 

Although these divisions of the Territory have not heretofore 
received that attention from mining men which the richness and 
extent of the mineral fields have deserved, it is well known that 
gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, coal, and other minerals exist 
throughout their mountain ranges. Their remoteness from the 
traveled highways, and the difficulties and cost of procuring 
supplies and material, are the causes which have retarded the 
development of the mining interests of these counties. The 
streams throughout the Sierra Blanco range contain placer gold 
in large quantities, and have a sufficient supply of water to make 
mining for the metal, with proper hydraulic machineiy, profit- 
able. Although the formation in this portion of the Territory is 
of an eruptive character, there are stretches of the primitive 
rock in many places, giving every indication of containing min- 
eral. But little prospecting has been done in Apache county; 
but the building of the Atlantic and Pacific railroad through its 
center will no doubt give an impetus to this as to all other 
branches of industry. "With its great coal-fields and salt de- 
•posits, of which we shall speak hereafter, no county in the Ter- 
ritory has greater natural facilities for ore reduction, and no 
portion of Arizona presents a more inviting field for the searcher 
after the hidden treasures. 

Graham is the youngest born of the counties of Arizona, and 
promises to become one of the richest in its mineral posses- 
sions. It can show the most productive copper mines in the 
Territory, if not in the United States. Gold, in alluvial de- 
posits and in quartz ledges, is found in many of its mountain 



78 THE EESOUECES OF ARIZONA. 

ranges, while silver and coal are likewise among its resources. 
There is a large portion of Graham, not yet prospected, which 
gives every indication of being mineral-bearing. 

The famous Longfellow copper mines are in Graham county. 
They are situated on the San Francisco river, a few miles above 
its junction with the Gila. This region was known to be rich 
in copper, but it was not until 1874 that mining was carried on to 
any extent. Before the building of the Southern Pacific railroad, 
the copper mat was shipped a distance of 700 miles by wagons 
to the nearest railroad, and from there forwarded to Baltimore. 
Notwithstanding the enormous cost of this mode of transporta- 
tion, the ore paid its owners a profit. The deposit appears to 
be a regular mountain of ore, drifts and tunnels having, so far, 
failed to find anything like a wall; and in whatever direction 
the workmen penetrated, they have encountered the ore body. 
As a consequence, the mine resembles in some respects a 
quarry, showing metal in every direction. The property is 
owned by an incorporated company, which appears to be a "^ery 
close corporation, not disposed to let outsiders know too much 
about the "good thing" they possess. The ore is copper 
glance, red oxide, and a carbonate. Extensive reduction works 
have been erected on the San Francisco river. The yield is 
about 14,000 pounds daily, which will soon be largely increased 
by additional reduction facilities. What the total yield from these 
mines has been has not been ascertained, though it is known 
to reach up into thousands of tons. The company give employ- 
ment to a large number of men, and a flourishing camp, known as 
eiif ton, has sprung up near the mines. The Detroit Mining Com- 
pany, operating three miles from the Longfellow, have opened 
up a splendid property. They are putting up reduction works, 
and intend to connect their mines by a branch road to the Southern 
Pacific. The ore is equally as rich as the Longfellow, and quite 
as extensive, and will no doubt prove-as productive. There are 
many other copper properties in this region, which give every 
j)romise of becoming valuable. 

The rich gravel deposits of the San Francisco river are the 
most extensive in the Territory. A Boston company have re- 
cently purchased nearly 1000 acres of this gravel bed, and 
are making preparations to work it on a large scale. Fifteen 
miles of piping have already been laid, and hydraulic machin- 
ery will be ei-ected at once. These gravel beds have been 
thoroughly prospected by shafts and tunnels, and show gold 
in paying quantities in every foot. In the eastern portion of 
Graham, and lapping over into Pinal, is De Frees district. It 
is about ten miles south of the Gila, in the Pinaleno mountains, 
and about sixty miles from the Southern Pacific railroad. The 
camp has plenty of wood, water, and fine pasturage. The ledges 
carry silver and copper. The formation is a lime and porphyry. 
But little work has yet been done, but the showing is most en- 
couraging. The principal mines are the Fairy Queen, a 4-foot 
vein of carbonates, assaying $40 per ton; the Nez Perces, a 
6-foot vein, giving assays of $60 per ton» and opened by a 



COAL AND SALT. 79 

forty-foot shaft; the Silver Glance, showing 2 feet of ore 
that assays $80 per ton. The Charter Oak has a shaft 35 feet, 
and a 4-foot vein giving $50 per ton. The Calypso, Ulysses, 
Ironclad, Shotgun, and Iron Cap, are all encouraging pros- 
pects. 



COAL AND SALT. 



Besides its gold, silver, copper, and lead, Arizona possesses 
immense coal-fields and large salt deposits. The latter article 
is an important factor in the reduction of silver ores, and a 
prime necessity for their successful ti'eatment. Arizona, in this 
respect, is endowed beyond her neighbors, and nature, while 
scattering in profusion her mineral wealth throughout the Ter- 
ritory, has also provided the agents for its successful working. 
About 100 miles above Phoenix, on Salt river, there is a high 
bluff composed almost entirely of salt. From this bluff, several 
springs highly impregnated with saline matter, flow into the 
stream. The river above this point is pure and clear, but be- 
low it has a strong brackish taste. The salt is of a fine quality, • 
being remarkably free from soda, gypsum, and other impurities. 
An effort to erect a factory, and bring the article into market, 
has not proven a success, owing to the expense and difficulty 
of getting material on the ground. This deposit is an extensive 
and valuable one, and will yet prove a lucrative investment for 
those who have the requisite capital. Near Camp Verde, in 
Yavapai county, there are several large salt bluffs or hills. This 
salt carries large quantities of soda and magnesia. It is used 
by cattle raisers for salting their stock; the supply is almost 
inexhaustible, and the salt could easily be freed from its im- 
purities, and made to answer all purposes, dairying, table use, 
or the working of ores. Salt lagoons are met with in several 
places in Apache county. The principal lake or lagoon la 
near the line of New Mexico. About 1,000,000 pounds are 
taken yearly from this lake, and with proper facilities it could 
be made to produce an almost unlimited supply. The salt is 
precipitated to the bottom of the lake, wagons are driven into 
the shallow water, and the glittering crystals shoveled in. This 
is one of the most valuable salt springs on the continent, and 
besides supplying cattle raisers in Apache and portions of Yav- 
apai, furnishes large quantities for the working of silver ores. 
The Atlantic and Pacific railroad, passing within a short distance 
north, will be the means of providing a larger market for this 
valuable article. 

Next to the great fields of Pennsylvania, there is no portion 
of the Union which can show such immense coal measures as 
Arizona. This coal region embraces the northern division of 
Apache, and that portion oi. Yavapai north of the Little Colo- 
rado. The coal-field extends into New Mexico on the east, and 
Utah on the north; competent geologists have estimated its 



80 THE RESOUECES OP ARIZONA. 

area at over 30,000 square miles, or more than half the coal 
measures of the United States. The beds vary in size, from 
two inches to thirty feet. A gentleman who visited these coal- 
fields in 1873, writes of them as follows: " Close to Fort Defi- 
ance a, vein exists nine feet thick, and it seems to possess all the 
qualities of excellent bituminous coaT, and to rank next to an- 
thracite for domestic jDurposes. * * * I see no reason why 
it should not be pre-eminently useful for generating steam and 
for smelting ores. * * * This description will apply to all 
the coal in the great Arizona coal basin. * * * The next 
great bed of coal encountered is situated about twenty mjles 
north-west from the Moquis villages, and close to the northern 
verge of the Painted Desert. * * * It is twenty-three feet 
thick and boldly crops out for a distance of three miles. This 
coal is close, compact, and close burning; melts and swells in 
the fire, and runs together, forming a very hot fire, and leaves 
little residuum. It resembles, in external appearance, the Penn- 
sylvania bituminous coal. * * * The trend of the coal-beds 
is north and south, and overlying thi's great deposit is drab 
clay, passing up into areno-calcareous grits, composed of an 
aggregation of oyster shells, with numerous other fossils which 
must have existed in this great brackish inland sea about the 
dawn of the tertiary period, probably in the eocene age." 

A peculiarity of this great coal region is the number of petri- 
fied trees which are found all over its surface. Whole forests 
of these petrifactions are met with in all directions, proving that 
in ages past the country was covered with a dense growth of 
timber. Some of these trees are three feet in diameter and from 
fifty to sixty feet in length. The railroad on the thirty-fifth parallel 
will pass south of this immense coal deposit, and'a branch will 
no doubt tap it. There is here coal enough to supply the United 
States for ages to come. 

Bituminous coal of an excellent quality has recently been 
discovered on Deer creek, a tributary of the Gila, and near to 
the point where it enters that stream. The mines are in Pinal 
county, and about twenty miles east of the mouth of the San 
Pedro. The field, as far as has been ascertained, is about three 
miles long and two miles wide. The veins are from three to 
eight feet thick; the coal makes an excellent coke, and foi 
domestic purposes it is said to be unequaled. The coal-beds 
are about sixty miles north of the Southern Pacific railroad, 
and arrangements are now being perfected for the running of a 
branch which will open a market for t^is valuable deposit. 
Coal of a fine quality has been found near Camp Apache and 
at other i)oints in the eastern part of the Territory, but no effort 
has yet been made in the way of development. 

It will thus be seen, from this hasty glance at the coal-fields 
of Arizona, that there is here abundance of the article, and of a 
good quality. If anything was wanting to make this Territory 
the greatest mining region on the globe, these vast coal de- 
posits supply that want, and contain an inexhaustible fuel 
supply for the working of its ores, and for all other purposes to 
which it may be applied. 



AGEICULTUKE AND GRAZING'. 81 



BULLION YIELD. 

No truer test of the richness of Arizona mines can be found 
than in the steadily increasing volume of bullion which is find- 
ing its way out of the country. This yield has more than 
doubled each year since the Southern Pacific railroad entered 
the mineral fields of Southern Arizona. In 1880, according to 
the report of Wells, Fargo & Co. , the total output was near 
$4,000,000. This did not include the raw ores, concentrations, 
and placer gold shipped through other sources. The yield for 
1881, reckoning on the basis of the present monthly produc- 
tion, will be about $9,000,000. This estimate does not include 
the copper product, which will reach 4,000 tons, worth over 
$1,500,000. Add to this the ores and concentrations and placer 
gold, which finds its way out of the country, and the entire 
bullion yield for the present year will be over $12,000,000, thus 
placing Arizona third on the list of the bullion-producing 
States and Territories. 

This is a good showing for a country whose total shipment 
six years ago amounted to only $109,083! With such a rapid 
increase in the output of treasure since the building of one 
railroad, what may we not look for a year or two hence, when 
Northern Arizona will be opened by another transcontinental 
line, and the leading camps north and south will be tapped by 
branches? It is not too much to expect that the Territory, 
now third on the list, will take the first place in the produc- 
tion of the precious metals. No country has so extensive a 
mineral field, possesses so many natural advantages, or can 
show ores of such wonderful richness, lying almost at the very 
surface. Some of the most eminent geologists and mineral- 
ogists long ago predicted that the region now embraced within 
the Territory would yet prove to be the richest mining country 
on the globe. The soundness of their judgment is at last being 
practically demonstrated, and it is evident that Arizona is soon 
to become the great bullion-producer of the world. No min- 
ing country can show such a return for the amount of capital 
invested; none presents to the man of enterprise more 
guaranties for success, and none has so bright a future. 



. AGRICULTURE AND GRAZINGT. 

Although not generally considered an agricultural country, 
Arizona contains some of the richest valleys to be met with in 
the United States. Cereals, fruits, and vegetables of all kinds 
are raised in every portion of the Territory. Wherever water 
can be had for irrigation, a bounteous yield is assured, and in 
the southern portion of the Territory, two crops in the same 
year are not uncommon. The farming land of Arizona is con- 
■6 



82 THE EESOUECES OP ARIZONA. 

fined at present to the valleys of the principal rivers. There 
are millions of acres among the hills and mesas, with a fine soil 
and agreeable climate, capable of producing anything gro'wn in 
the temperate or semi-tropical zones, with a sufficient water 
supply. It is believed that by the sinking of artesian wells, 
much of this land can be brought under cultivation, and what 
are now barren, dreary wastes, be changed into fields of waving 
grain, with comfortable homes, embowered in refreshing shade. 
Artesian water will confer untold benefits on the Territory, and 
no wiser or more beneficial measure could receive the support 
of the general government. There are about 45,000 acres vmder 
cultivation in the Territory at the present time, and there are 
still thousands of acres unoccupied in the valleys of the Colo- 
rado, the Gila, and the Salt rivers. The valley of the Colorado, 
containing the richest land in the Territory, is subject to annual 
overflows, and has been farmed only to a limited extent by 
whites. The valley of the Gila is settled from the line of New 
Mexico to its junction with the Colorado. It contains some of 
the best land in the Territory, and produces large crops of 
grain, fruit, and vegetables. There are large tracts of land in 
this valley at Gila Bend, and at other points where there is suf- 
ficient water, which are open to pre-emption. Salt River val- 
ley contains the finest body of agricultural land in the Terri- 
tory, and produces two thirds of all the cereals grown in the 
country. There is plenty of water at all seasons,' and the sys- 
tem of irrigation is more extensive than in any other portion of 
A-rizona. As farming will always be a lucrative business in the 
Territory, owing to the limited area of land which can bo 
brought under cultivation and the large population who will 
be engaged in mining, an impartial statement of its capabilities 
as an agricultural country are here given for the benefit of those 
who are thinking of coming hither and engaging in this busi- 
ness; and for the purpose of. setting forth this information more 
clearly, the agricultural resources of the< different counties are 
given separately. 

MAEICOPA COUNTY. 

This county has been well narned "the garden spot of the 
Territory." It has the finest body of land in Arizona, and its 
farms, orchards, and vineyards will not suffer by comparison 
with any portion of the Golden State. The first settlement 
was made in this valley a little over ten years ago. It was then 
a barren desert, covered with coarse grass, sage, and cactus; 
to-day it is one of the loveliest spots on the Pacific coast. 
Fields of golden grain and blossoming alfalfa; extensive- vine- 
yards and orchards; beautiful gardens, brilliant with their floral 
adornments nearly every month in the year; groves of cotton- 
woods and lines of the graceful Lombardy poplar diversify the 
landscape in every direction; and to crown all, tasteful homes 
are seen peeping above their leafy surroundings up and down 
the river as far as the eye can reach. In this beautiful and pro- 
ductive spot, wheat, barley, and alfalfa are the principal crops. 
The soil is a sandy loam, but there are portions of the valley 



« AGEICULTURE AND GRAZING. 83 

•whicli are a heavy, rich adobe. Up the river, near Mesa City, 
the soil is light, but well adapted to fruits. Besides its large 
crops of grain, Mcricojoa produces the finest vegetables in the 
Territory. Pumpkins, squashes, onions, turnips, cabbages, 
waterraelons, and ever^^thing in the vegetable line, are raised 
in large quantities, and are in market by the first of March. 

The soil is peculiarly adapted to the raising of sugarcane, 
and some of the stalks attain a height of over twelve feet. It 
has been estimated that an acre of this cane will yield 200 gal- 
lons of syrup, of an excellent quality; it also makes a nutritious 
food for horses and stock. There are about 1,000 acres of this 
valuable plant now under cultivation, and the area is being 
steadily increased, many farmers finding it more pxofitable than 
the raising of grain. Figs, peaches, apricots, and grapes do 
well in the Salt River valley, and in size and flavor are not ex- 
celled on the Pacific coast. Apples and strawberries are culti- 
vated to some extent, and experiments with oranges, lemons, 
and other semi-tropical fruits, have shown that the valley is 
peculiarly adapted for their successful cultivation. In fact, 
there is no country west of the Kocky mountains which seems 
so well fitted for the raising of fruits. Climate, soil, and situ- 
ation, all seem to be favorable, and the valley promises to be- 
come one of the greatest fruit-raising regions of the Pacific 
coast. The business of wine-making is being gone into exten- 
sively, and a very fine article is produced, which in body and 
flavor compares favorably with the best California. There are 
at present 500 acres in grapes, 150 acres in poaches, 50 acres 
in apricots, 25 acres in figs, besides a number of acres in ap- 
■ pies, strawberries, oranges, lemons, etc. Of barley, it is esti- 
mated there are over 5,000 acres in cultivation; in wheat, 5,000 
acres; corn, 500 acres; and alfalfa, 2,000 acres. The average 
yield of wheat and barley is about 1,500 pounds to the acre, and 
the average price received by the farmers is about $1 40 per 
hundred, sacked. 

The grain is sown in the Salt-river valley in October, Novem- 
ber, and December. Harvesting begins in the latter part of 
May, and ends the first of July. Everything is grown by irri- 
gation. From three to five floodings are necessary to raise a 
crop of small grain. The cost of irrigation is about $2 50 per 
acre. Where the land is favorably situated, it is estimated that 
crops can be raised as cheaply by this plan as by rainfall, be- 
sides being much more certain. The water is conveyed over 
the land by large canals. Owing to the number of these canals, 
a large quantity of water is wasted and lost by evaporation, 
which could be utilized with a proper and comprehensive system 
of irrigation. The farms in the valley extend for nearly 30 
miles along the river. The amount of land which can be cul- 
tivated depends entirely on the supply of water. There are at 
present something over 16,000 acres reclaimed from the desert; 
with a proper irrigating system, it is believed that, as many 
more can be made productive. Laud in the valley, with a 
water right, can be bought for $5 and $10 per acre, according 
to quality and situation. 



84 THE KESOUECES OF AEIZONA. ^ 

Maricopa county, besides tlie valley of the Salt river, has 
some fine farming laud along the Gila, which is cultivated at 
several points. The land is fully as rich as that on the Salt, 
but the supply of water is not as abundant. At Gila Bend, be- 
low the junction of both streams, there is a fine body of land, 
capable of producing all kinds of grain, fruits, and vegetables. 
Most of this land is still unoccupied, and open for pre-emption. 
MaricoiJa will always be the leading agricultural county of the 
Territory, and in a few years the region of country which has 
Phoenix for its center will become one of the most inviting and 
jDroductive spots on the coast, rich in its immense fields of 
grain, and beautiful with its groves of orange trees, and its 
vineyards and orchards. 

PINAL COUNTY. 

The agricultural land in this county is confined to the valleys 
of the Gila and the San Pedro. For a distance of eighteen 
miles along the former stream there is a line of fine farms, and 
for thirty miles up the San Pedro, the valley has been brought 
under cultivation at different points. In tlae neighborhood of 
Florence, the county seat, the valley of the Gila is over a mile 
wide, and contains some of the richest land in the Territory. 
Here, as everywhere else, irrigation is required to produce a 
crop, and the area that can be cultivated depends entirely on 
the water supply. Corn, wheat, barley, alfalfa, vegetables, 
and fruits are raised in Pinal county. The soil is a rich loam 
of durable fertility, and well adapted to the usual agricultural 
products and semi-tropical fruits. There is no more beautiful 
sight in the Territory than the valley of the Gila surrounding 
Florence, when the ripening grain, waving fields of alfalfa, 
and shady groves of mesquite and cottonwood are in their 
bloom. There are thousands of acres of fine land above and 
below Florence, which are lying idle for the want of water. 
It is believed that with a proper system of irrigation, double 
the number of acres now under cultivation could be made to 
produce fine crops. There is evidence in the ruins of the Casa 
Grande that this portion of Arizona supported a dense popula- 
tion at one time; and the remains of the large irrigating canals 
go to show that those ancient tillers of the soil had a much 
more comprehensive idea of the irrigating problem than their 
modern successors. The number of acres under cultivation in 
Pinal county is estimated at 6,000, not including the land oc- 
cupied by the Pimas, which is nearly all within the limits of 
this county. The yield for 1880 was: Barley, 1,000,000 pounds; 
wheat, 400,000 pounds; corn, 350,000 pounds; besides large 
quantities of hay and alfalfa. The yield of grain to the acre 
was: Barley, 1,500 pounds; wheat, 1,200 pounds; besides 
cereals, beans, potatoes, onions, cabbages, turnips, and all 
kinds of vegetables are raised in abundance. 

Peaches,- grapes, apricots, pears, figs, quinces, and pome- 
granates, all do well in Pinal, and many farmers are going into 
the business extensively. The climate and soil are specially 



AGEICULTUKE AND GEAZING. 85 

adapted for fruit culture, and the valley of the Gila yet promises 
to become one immense orchard and vineyard. 

YAVAPAI COUNTY. * 

The principal body of farming land in this county is found 
along the valley of the Verde. This valley averages from a few 
hundred yards to a half a mile in width. The soil is a rich 
loam, and in places a black mold of great fertility. The 
river bottom is settled its entire length, where it is not confined 
to canyons. There is plenty of water for irrigation, and good 
crops are raised in the driest season. Corn, wheat, and barley 
are the principal productions. Although but little attention 
has been paid to fruit, it has been demonstrated that fine grapes 
and peaches can be grown in this valley. Outside of the Verde 
the farming lands of Yavapai are confined to small valleys 
situated from four to six thousand feet above sea level. Among 
the most important of these valleys are Williamson, Chino, 
Peeple's, AguaFria, Skull, Kirkland, and Walnut Grove. Their 
soil is generally a rich mold, formed by the detritus from the 
surrounding hills. There is no water for irrigation in most of 
them, and farmers depend entirely on rain for the raising of a 
crop. Corn, wheat, barley, alfalfa, and all kinds of vegetables, 
are raised in these elevated valleys, their greatest drawback 
being late and early frosts and droughts. Fine apples and 
peaches are grown in several places, and grapes in some secluded 
nooks. The number of acres under cultivation in Yavapai is 
estimated at 5,000, although no reliable data can be had from 
the assessor's office. 

PIMA COUNTY. 

The valley of the Santa Cruz is the principal agricultural 
settlement of this county. This stream, which rises in the 
Huachuca mountains, sinks in the thirsty sands for more than 
two thirds of its course. Near Tubac and Calabasas, opposite 
Tucson, and at San Xavier, the stream comes to the surface, and 
the land in the vicinity is brought under cultivation, producing 
crops of cereals, vegetables, and fruits. The valley of the 
Santa Cruz, opposite Tucson, has been cultivated for hundreds 
of years, and shows no diminution in its prodjictiveness. The 
soil is rich, and only needs water to grow anything that is 
planted in it. The Sonoita valley, east of the Santa Ritas, and 
about sixty miles south-east of Tucson, is one of the most pro- 
ductive spots in the southern portion of the Territory. It 
extends from old Fort Buchanan to Calabasas, nearly thirty 
miles, and is settled, wherever water can be had, the entire dis- 
tance. The soil is a rich, dark loam, and the climate is well 
adapted for fruit raising. This valley was time and again 
swept with fire and drenched with blood during the Apache 
wars, and the graves of its early settlers mark the hillsides from 
one end of the valley to the other. The valley of the Arivaca, 
in the southern part of the county, contains some good land, 
but it is claimed by a "grant," thus preventing settlement. 



86 THE EESOUECES OP ARIZONA. 

The yield of cereals in Pima county for the year 1880, was as 
follows: Wheat, 1,000,000 pounds; corn, 500,000 pounds; 
barley, 1,000,000 pounds. This yield includes the products of 
the farming lands -now embraced within the boundaries of 
Cachise. 

CACHISE COUNTY. 

The agricultural resources of this county are confined to the 
valleys of the San Pedro and the Babocomari. The former 
stream rises in Sonora and flows through Cachise and Pinal 
counties into the Gila. The valley of the San Pedro, in its 
upper course, is sometimes a mile in width, and the soil is of 
an excellent quality, capable of raising all kinds of grain and 
vegetables. That portion of the valley near the line of Sonora 
is .claimed by a "grant," and is devoted entirely to grazing. 
No figures have been received as to the number of acres under 
cultivation and the grain yield of this county. 

GRAHAM COUNTY. 

This county, which embraces the upper valley of the Gila, 
contains a large body of fine farming laud, with plenty of water 
for irrigation. The Pueblo Viejo valley, which supported a 
dense population in times past, is j^.et rich and productive, 
yielding large ci'ops of corn, wheat, barley, alfalfa, and vegeta-' 
bles. It is estimated there are 10,000 acres under cultivation 
in Graham. Large tracts, now lying idle, can be made pro- 
ductive by extending the present irrigating canals. The soil of 
this portion of the Gila valley is similar to that near Florence. 
Fruits of all kinds do well in this region, and no finer potatoes 
are raised in the Territory. The first settlements were made in 
this valley in 1872, and at the present time it is, next to Salt 
river, the largest producer of cereals in Arizona. There is 
here an opportunity to secure a comfortable home in a fine cli- 
mate, and near to a profitable market, 

APACHE COUNTY. 

This county has some good land along the Little Colorado 
and its ujDper tributaries. From Springerville to Brigham City, 
the valley has been brought under cultivation wherever water 
can be obtained. Several Mormon colonies have settled in this 
region, and have raised good crops of corn, wheat, and barley, 
besides fine vegetables. This part of Arizona is prolific in its 
growth of wild flax. This fact arrested the attention of the 
Spanish explorers, who called the stream Rio de Lena, or Flax 
river. No efi'ort has been made to cultivate this fiber, but it is 
believed it will jet become an important branch of industry. 

GILA COUNTY. 

Very little farming is done in this county. With the excep- 
tion of a few gardens along Pinal creek, and a narrow strip on 
Salt river, there is no land within its limits — if we except the 
San Carlos Indian reservation — which has sufficient water to 



AGEICULTURE AND GRAZING. * 87 

produce crops. There is some fine valley land, ■with rich soil 
and a delightful climate, which could be made to yield bounti- 
fully by the aid of artesian water. 

YUMA AND MOHAVE COUNTIES. 

These two counties embrace the great Colorado valley, which 
contains thousands of acres of the richest soil in the United 
States. Owing to its yearly overflow, the valley is covered with 
a coating of vegetable mold, which constantly enriches the soil. 
Vegetation is very rapid in this valley. Weeds, grasses, and 
wild hemp attain an amazing height in a few weeks after the 
waters have receded. In fact, everything grows in tropical 
luxuriance. If kept from overflow, no better soil for cotton, 
sugar, hemp, and semi-tropical f-ruits is found on the continent. 
In some places the bluffs come dojvn to the stream, and at other 
points the valley is from one to five miles wide. Below Ehren- 
berg, the area of valley land is much greater than above. To 
bring the waters of the Colorado by canals over its rich valley 
and prevent the river from overflowing, would no doubt be an 
expensive undertaking, but the hundreds of thousands of acres 
of magnificent land which would thus be reclaimed are a prize 
worth striving to gain. A company has been formed for the 
raising of hemp and sugarcane, which has already begun opera- 
tions in the valley below the town of Yuma ; but with the ex- 
ception of small patches cultivated by the Indians, the rich 
valley of the Colorado is still virgin soil. Between the junc- 
tion of the Gila and the Colorado, there is a tract of very rich 
bottom, by some estimated at 30,000 acres, all of which could 
be brought under cultivation at a moderate cost. The two 
largest streams of the territory, flowing on either side, would 
give an inexhaustible water supply, and the configuration of 
the ground is such that it can be easily irrigated. There are 
several fine ranches along the valley of the Gila, in Yuma 
count}', which yield good crops of grain and vegetables. The 
total number of acres under cultivation in the county is about 
2,500. The valley of the Colorado, in Mohave count}^ presents 
the same features as in Yuma, but is not so extensive. The 
soil is equally as rich and productive, but it requires capital to 
open canals, throw up embankments, and put the land in a 
condition for successful cultivation. At present farming in 
Mohave is confined to the Big Sandy, in the southern part of 
the county, where there are about 1,000 acres under cultivation, 
producing fine crops of grain, vegetables and fruit. 

From this brief summary, it will be seen that successful farm- 
ing in Arizona depends entirely on irrigation. No finer crops 
are raised in any country than in this Territory', where water 
can be had. There are thousands of acres of productive land in 
the leading valleys, which can be made available by a proper 
distribution of the present water supply. "While the wealth of 
Arizona is in its mines, agriculture will always be a profitable 
calling, and the products of the soil command a good price. 
There is no land more prolific, no climate more equable, and no 



88 * THE RESOURCES. OP ARIZONA. 

country where the labors of the husbandman receive a more gen- 
erous reward. In saying this, however, it is not the intention 
to invite hither a large agricultural population. As has been 
before stated, the area of land which can be brought under cul- 
tivation is limited, and must remain so until artesian water 
shall send forth its fructifying streams, and make the dry valleys 
and plains to blossom as the rose. 



GEAZING. 

Within the last few years, cattle raising has become an im- 
portant industry in Arizona. The fine grasses and the delight- 
ful climate make this region the very paradise of the stock 
grower. All the year rountl the rich grasses cover mountain, 
valley, and mesa. Situated between the extremes of temper- 
ature, subject neither to the fierce " northers" of the South-west, 
nor the heavy snows of more northern latitudes; requiring no ex- 
pensive outlay for the protection of stock in winter, and with a 
range which is only limited by the boundaries of the Territory, 
there is no portion of the United States which presents a finer 
field for the successful prosecution of this industry than the 
Territoiy of Arizona. Prior to the year 1874, the business was 
attended with many difiiculties and dangers. The marauding 
Apache was always ready to swoop down on the flocks and 
herds of the settler, and the industry was confined to the imme- 
diate vicinity of towns and military posts. Since the " disturb- 
ing element " has been placed on reservations, stock growing has 
made rapid strides, and large bands of cattle and sheep are 
found in all portions of the Territory. No finer beef is raised 
in the United States than is x^roduced in Arizona. The rich 
gramma grass which covers its valleys and hills, is unexcelled 
for its fattening qualities, and the sweetness and flavor which it 
imparts. 

As with agriculture, the sinking of artesian wells will be of 
great benefit to the stock interests. There are millions of 
acres of fine grazing land now lying idle which could be made 
to sustain thousands of cattle if water could be had. That flow- 
ing water can be found in these valleys is almost certain. Sur- 
rounded as they are by lofty mountains, and forming natural 
reservoirs for the moisture which falls upon them, they offer 
every encouragement for the sinking of wells, and give almost 
certain guaranties of producing an abundant sujjply. Hitherto 
no effort has been made in this direction, owing mainly to the 
fact that the grazing lands adjacent to the streams and living 
springs, have furnished an abundant supply for the stock al- 
ready in the Territory. Besides the home market, which is 
steadil}^ increasing, the building of two transcontinental rail- 
ways opens to the stockmen of the Territory the marts of the At- 
lantic and the Pacific, and of Europe. Beef is shipped from the 
northern Territories to England, at a good profit, and there is 
no reason why Arizona should not be able in a short time to 



AGRICULTURE AND GRAZING. 89 

supply the epicures of the British Isles with a sample of bgef 
far superior to the stall-fed article on which John Bull has so 
long prided himself. In fact, there is no branch of industry in 
the Territory which offers superior inducements for investment 
than the cattle business, nor is there any State or Territory in 
thti Union where this business can be carried on with less ex- 
pense or liability to loss. While thousands of cattle and sheep 
are annually destroyed by cold and snows in northern latitudes, 
cattle graze on the mountains, hills, and valleys of this favored 
land every month in the year. 

What has been said of cattle will also apply to sheep. The 
mutton from Arizona grasses is noted for its fine flavor and 
tenderness. The wool is of a prime quality, commanding the 
highest price paid for the Pacific coast product. A superior 
breed has been introduced within the past three years, and the 
yield has correspondingly increased. The high rates of freight 
have been the great drawbacks to successful sheep raising, but 
the railroads have done away with all this, and the sheep in- 
dustry of Arizona is one of the most lucrative branches of 
business in the Territory. All over Northern Arizona the short 
sweet grasses that grow on the mesas and mountain sides make 
an excellent feed for the animal, and in many of the valleys, 
the alfderia, or wild clover, has been introduced by sheep driven 
from California, and is attaining a strong and thrifty growth. 
Sheep are sheared twice a year, the average yield per head 
being about six pounds. The grazing grounds of Yavapai 
county are among the richest in the Territory, The snowfall 
of winter and the rains of summer cover the whole region with . 
a heavy growth of fine, nutritious grasses, which keep stock in 
, prime condition. The whole of the Great Colorado plateau, in 
Yavapai and Apache counties, afibrds one of the very best stock 
ranges to be found in the western country. The great table 
lands and spurs of the San Francisco, Sierra Blanco, and 
Mogollon ranges, are at all times covered with a heavy growth 
of gramma and other grasses, while the climate is especially 
salubrious, being removed from the oppressive heats of summer 
and the heavy suow storms of winter. 

Pima county has large tracts of excellent grazing land along 
the Santa Cruz, and in the rolling, grassy country south and 
east of Tucson, Large herds of cattle cover these plains and 
hillsides, and keep in prime condition at all seasons. This 
county is also an excellent sheep range, and ships large quan- 
tities of wool. The building of the Southern Pacific railroad 
has opened new markets for the beef and wool of Southern 
Arizona, and the number of stock is increasing rapidl5\ Cachise 
county, formerly a part of Pima, has extensive ranges in the 
San Simon, Sulphur Spring, and San Pedro vallej's. Although 
no data have been received from this county, it is known that it 
contains a large number of sheep and horned cattle. 

The central counties, including Graham, Pinal, Maricopa, 
and Gila, embrace some magnificent grazing lands, thousands 
of acres of which are unoccupied. The Arivaypa valley, in 



90 THE EESOUBCES OF ARIZONA. 

Grabam county, supports large bands of horses and cattle; the 
grasses in this region are not excelled in the Territory, and the 
quality of beef produced has no equal in the western country. 

To describe fully in detail all the ranges in the Territory 
would require much more space than can be given in a compila- 
tiftn of this nature. Speaking in general terms, it can be truly 
said that there is no better grazing region west of the Rocky 
mountains than Arizona; and while the want of water prevents 
many portions of the country from being occupied, there is yet 
room for thousands of cattle and sheep where water is abun- 
dant, where animals keep fat winter and summer, where the 
climate is all that could be desired, where disease is unknown, 
and where an energetic man with a small capital, who under- 
stands the business, can make himself independent in a few 
years. 

Below is a statement of the number of cattle and sheep in the 
several counties at the present time. No figures have been re- 
ceived from Gila or Cachise, and consequently we are unable to 
give the number in these counties: 

Cattle, 

Yavapai 27,528 

Pima 18,000 • 

Graham • 12,500 

Maricopa 6,000 

Pinal 5,000 

Apache 10,000 

Yuma 4,000 

Mohave 5,500 

Sheep. 

Apache ;. 800,000 

Pima 50,000 

Yavapai 28,316 

Maricopa 15,000 

Pinal 2,000 

Graham 13,000 

Besides cattle and sheep, Graham county has 2,500 head of 
horses and mules; Pima has 2,000 head of horses and 500 head 
of mules; Maricopa has 1,000 head of horses, about 500 head of 
mules, and over 4,000 hogs. The extensive alfalfa fields of this 
county afford excellent feed for hogs, the business is being gone 
into on a large scale, and home-made bacon, equal to the best 
California, is put up in the Salt-river valley. Yuma county has 
about 1,500 head of horses and mules; Mohave county has 600 
head of horses, and 150 head of mules; Yavapai county has 
3,815 head of horses, 627 head of mules, and 1,500 head of goats; 
many of the latter are pure-blood Angoras, and appear to do ex- 
cellently well in this climate. 

The live stock throughout the Territory is being steadily 
increased and improved by the importation of j)ure breeds, and 
in a few years we may expect to see the immense stretches of 
grass lands, now unoccupied, covered with thousands of cattle, 
horses, and sheej). 



CLIMATE. 91 



CLIMATE. 

In speaking or writing of the climate of a country, it lias 
become the established custom to allude to it as the " finest in 
the world," and draw a comparison with the " glorious skies of 
sunny Italy." Most generally those comparisons are far-fetched, 
and have no real existence except in the writer's imagination, 
Arizona needs no such fictitious aids to enhance the beauty of 
its climate. She can show as bright skies, as pure air, as brac- 
ing an atmosphere, as lovely, cloudless days, as brilliant starlit 
nights, as that land oVer which poets and painters have raved, 
arid sane people have gone into ecstasies. The climate of 
Arizona suits all constitutions. In the south it is warm and 
dry, while the elevated plateaus of the north possess a cool, 
bracing temperature, well adapted to persons who have lived 
in northern latitudes. The winter in the southern portion of the 
Territory, and especially at Yuma, is perfection itself. Speak- 
ing of the latter place, the celebrated traveler, Ross Browne, 
has said: "The climate in winter is finer than that of Italy. 
It would scarce be possible to suggest an improvement. I 
never experienced such exquisite Christmas weather as we en- 
joyed during our sojourn." This portion of the Territory is fast 
coming into favor as a sanitarium for those troubled with pul- 
monary diseases. The purity, dryness, and elasticity of the 
air make it unequaled on the continent for the cure of con- 
sumption, kidney diseases, and rheumatism. While the heat 
in summer is high, its peculiar dryness prevents any injurious 
effects, and sunstrokes are rarely heard of in Arizona. 

There is no climate so conducive to longevity. This is 
attested by the great age reached by Mexicans and Indians 
born and bred here. Centenarians are not uncommon among 
these people, and there are many of them who have passed 
the one-hundred milestone. Barred by the peninsular con- 
tinuation of the Sierra Nevada from the north-west trade 
winds, Arizona has to depend for moisture on the winter snows 
that fall in the northern part of the Territory, and the summer 
rains that are borne hither on the wings of the south-west trade 
winds. These cloud-bearing winds, after sweeping over north- 
ern Mexico, reach Arizona about the first of July, when the 
rainy season commences, and last until the middle of Septem- 
ber. With the coming of those rains, the summer proper of 
Arizona begins; grass and vegetation spring up as if by magic, 
flowers cover the valleys, plains, mesas, and mountain sides, 
and all nature rejoices at the watery dispensation. In the 
mountains of northern Arizona the snowfall sometimes reaches 
a depth of four or five feet. It rapidly disappears from the 
plains and valleys, but on some of the lofty mountain peaks, 
like the San Frangisco, it remains until the middle of summer. 
During the snowfall in the upper regions, the plains and val- 
leys of central and southern Arizona are blessed with copious 
showers. The spring, though dry, is one of the most delightful 
seasons of the year. In the northern part of the Territory, 
vegetation takes a rapid start from the moisture caused by the 



92 



THE RESOURCES OP ARIZONA. 



winter snows, grass becomes green, and continues until tlie 
summer rains bring forth the vigorous growth of rich grammas. 

The winter climate of Tucson, Tombstone, Florence, Phoenix, 
and other points in the south, partakes of the character of 
Yuma; the mild, balmy air, the days with their clear, cloudless 
skies, and the nights brilliant with countless stars, like diamonds 
set in an azure field, make living during the winter months in 
Southern Arizona a luxury found but in few spots on earth. 
The winter in the northern portion of the Territory has that 
cool, bracing quality found in elevated regions; its spring and 
summer are delightful, the nights are cool and pleasant, mak- 
ing a pair of blankets a comfortable auxiliary to a good night's 
rest. It would be difficult to find anywhere a climate which 
possesses the golden mean — not too cold in winter nor too 
warm in summer — of the plateau of Northern Arizona. As a 
summer resort the pine-clad mountains of Yavapai and Apache 
counties, with their springs of clear, cold water, and beautiful, 
grassy valleys, are not excelled by any portion of the American 
Union. 

Epidemic diseases are unknown in Arizona. Along some of 
the water-courses in the southern part of the Territory, chills 
and fever of a mild type prevails during the months of August 
and September, but is easily broken. It can be truthfully 
said, that no country possesses a healthier or more uniform 
climate. The air is dry, pure, exhilarating; there is health 
in every breeze, and vigor, long life, strength, and happiness 
under its glorious skies. Those who are suffering from pulmonary 
complaints or rheumatic affections will find in this favored clime 
the balmy air and the healiug qualities to build up their shattered 
constitutions. As showing the temperature at different points 
throughout the Territory and the rainfall for a year, the fol- 
lowing tables, kindly furnished by the Signal Service bureau, 
are appended. 

The city of Tucson is 2,500 feet above sea level. The an- 
nexed table gives the maximum, minimum, and mean tempera- 
ture for a year, together with the rainfall. 



January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

Juno 

July 

August 

September . . . . 

October 

November 

December. . .. 

Annual means 



Maximum. 



78.0 

77.0 

87.0 

88.0 

104.0 

110.0 

lOS.O 

106.0 

106.0 

94.0 

73.0 

80.0 



92.6 



Minimum. 



14.0 
20.0 
35.0 
36.0 
44.0 
60.0 
65.0 
66.0 
58.0 
40.0 
30.0 
28.0 



41.3 



Difference. 



64.0 
57.0 
52.0 
62.0 
60.0 
50.0 
43.0 
40.0 
48.0 
54.0 
43.0 
52.0 



51.2 



Amount of 

Kaiu or 

Melted Snow 

(Inches). 



0.56 
0.15 
0.41 
0.04 
0.00 
0.00 
1.62 
1.28 
1.89 
0.09 
0.00 
0.57 



0.55 



CLIMATE. 



93 



Teinperature at Fort Yuma, from March, 1880, to March, 1881. 
The fort is 267 feet above sea level. 



Month. 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


1880. 
March 


73.97 

83.40 

95.13 

103.53 

105.26 

106.42 

100.00 

91.19 

73.50 

69.42 

67.42 
78.46 
79.70 


37.80 
45.10 
53.45 
64.40 
70.74 
70.42 
66.43 
51.93 
36.10 
37.35 

32.09 
39.07 
39.61 


55.88 


April 


64.25 


May , 

June 


74.29 
83.96 


July , 


88.00 


August 


88.42 


September 


83.21 


October 


71.56 


November 


54.80 


December. 


53.38 »> 


1881. 
January 


49.75 


February 


58.76 


March 


59.65 







I'able showing monthly means of thermometer, amount of rainfall, 
and maximum and minimum thermometer , for the year ending 
Jane 30, 1881, at Prescott, 5,600 feet above sea level. 



Month. 



Total 
Rainfall or 

Melted Snow 
(Indies). 



Monthly- 
Mean Ther- 
mometer. 



Maximum. 



Minimum. 



1880. 

July 

August . . . 
September 
October. . . 
November , 
December. 

1881. 
January . . , 
Febi'uary . 

March 

April 

May 

June 



^.34 
2.80 
1.26 
0.18 
0.42 
1.84 

0.16 
0.10 
2.91 
0.67 
0.44 
0.00 



72.6 
71.4 
64.4 
52.3 
36.3 
37.8 

34.7 
40.8 
49.2 
56.8 
62.2 
71.3 



92 
92 

90 
77 
65 
63 

62 

78 
78 
82 
89 
96 



45 

40 

29 

48 

— 1 

11 

5 

10 



26 
33 

38 



13.12 



54.1 



96° 



The records for only five months of the present year are avail- 
able from Camp Grant, situated in an elevated region, nearly 
5,000 feet above the level of the sea. The climate is among- the 
most delightful in the Territory: 



1881. 



Maximum. 



Minimum. 



January . 
February 
March . . . 
April . . . . 
May 



41.23 

48.09 
50.03 
62.98 
70.26 



56.12 
67.82 
62.03 

78.80 
83.77 



30.23 
37.17 
39.05 
47.10 
54.64 



94 



THE EESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 



Mean, maximum, and minimum temperature, and amount of 
rainfall at Fort Mohave, A. T. , during the twelve months com- 
mencing July 1, 1880, and ending June 30, 1881, rendered by 
A. A. Surgeon John F. Minor, U. S. A. 



Months and Yeaes. 



Temperature. 



Mean. 



Maximum. Minimum 



Eainfall 
(Inches) . 



1880. 

July 

August . . . 
September 
0(;jfober . . . 
November, 
December . 

1881. 
January. . 
February . 
March .... 

April 

May 

June 



91 


111 


89 


109 


82 


105 


70 


94 


52 


85 


53 


70 


49 


72 


59 


82 


61 


96 


74 


98 


79 


101 


86 


lOS 



67 
63 
58 
50 
28 
34 

30 
35 
35 

56 
62 
68 



38 



This camp is in latitude 35° 24', and longitude 114° 34' west 
from Greeuwicli, and is GOO feet above the sea level. It is in 
the valley of the Colorado, and is considered one of the hottest 
places on the globe. 



RAILROADS, TELEGRAPH AND STAGE LINES. 

RAILROADS. 

The completion of the Southern Pacific railroad across Ari- 
zona marks a new era in the history of the Territory. No 
longer is it an unknown land, isolated from the busy centers of 
civilization, trade, and active industry; the dangers and discom- 
forts of long and dreary stage rides, have been superseded by 
the luxury of the palace car, and a trip to th.e "marvelous 
country," at the present time, will be found both pleasant and 
profitable. The Southern Pacific enters Arizona at Yuma and 
crosses the Territory between the thirty-second and thirty-third 
degrees of latitude. Its length within the boundaries of Ari- 
zona is over 400 miles. Since the building of the road, 
many towns and mining camps have sprung up in the country 
adjacent; an army of jDrospectors, traders, and speculators has 
filled the southern counties, and the steadily increasing volume 
of bullion which is finding its way out of the country, is an 
earnest of what other portions of the 'Territory will do when 
they are likewise in possession of rail communication. At 
Deming, in New Mexico, about 90 miles east of the Arizona 
line, another great transcontinental route, the Atchison, Topeka, 
and Santa Fe railroad, forms a junction with the Southern 



EAILROADS, TELEGRAPH AND STAGE LINES. 95 

Pacific. This line (Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe) begins at 
Kansas City, Missouri, traverses the plains of Kansas and Colo- 
rado, enters New Mexico, and passes down the Eio Grande val- 
ley, from whence the main line turns west towards Arizona, 
while another branch follows the Rio Grande to El Paso. 
From Demiug, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Company 
have their road surveyed to Tombstone and Tucson, where it is 
expected it will connect with the branch which is now building 
from Guaymas, through the State of Sonora. The opening of 
this great thoroughfare will give Southern Arizona direct rail 
connection with the Gxtlf of California, as its junction at Dem- 
ing with the Southern Pacific has already linked it with the 
Mississippi valley and the Atlantic seaboard. Among the 
branch roads projected from the line of the Southern Pacific, 
is that from Benson station to the city of Tombstone, a distance 
of twenty-eight miles. Ground has been broken for this branch, 
and it will be finished at an early day. A branch has also been 
surveyed from Wilcox to the town of Globe. The length of 
this proposed line will be something over 100 miles. It will 
pass through one of the best grazing portions of the Territory, 
by the lately discovered coal-fields near the Gila, and will open 
up to capital and imigration that rich mineral region which has 
Globe for its center. 

Another branch line is in contemplation from Casa Grande 
station to Pinal, by way of Florence. It will pass through the 
rich valley of the Gila and x^enetrato the extensive mineral 
region embraced in the Pioneer, Pinal, Mineral creek, and 
other rich districts of Pinal county. 

The Southern Pacific company have surveyed a line from 
Yuma to. Point Isabel, on the Gulf of California. A good har- 
bor is said to exist at that place. The building of this branch 
will give the Territory another outlet to tidewater on the gulf. 
A line has also been surveyed from Yuma to the rich mining 
camps of Castle Dome and Silver district, on the Colorado 
river. 

In the northern part of the Territory, the construction of the 
Atlantic and Pacific railroad is making rapid progress. This 
road leaves the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe at Albuquerque, 
and takes a westward course across the Territory, following 
nearly the thirty-fifth parallel of north latitude. The road will 
pass about 50 miles north of Prescott, the capital of Arizona, 
and will cross the Rio Colorado at the Needles. This road 
will have termini at San Francisco and San Diego. The At- 
lantic and Pacific line will open to the capitalist, the miner, 
and the stock raiser, some of the finest grazing and richest 
mineral regions to be found on the continent; it will also pass 
through the best-timbered portion of the Territory. A fran- 
chise has been granted by the last Legislature to build a branch 
from Prescott to the Atlantic and Pacific, The distance, as 
has been before stated, will be about 50 miles, most of the way 
over a smooth, rolling country. The extensive mining, farm- 
ing, and grazing interests, of which Prescott is the natural 



96 THE KESOUECES OF AEIZONA. 

center, require the construction of such a road, and it will no 
doubt be completed within a short time. 

Besides the roads now building and those projected, which 
have been mentioned, the Utah Southern is being pushed 
down to the Colorado river, with the intention, as is generally- 
supposed, of seeking an outlet on the Gulf of California. This 
would give Arizona a connection with the Union Pacific and 
another route to the East and West. ' 

From this brief review of the railroad situation, it will be 
seen that all the principal points in the Territory will soon be 
in possession of rail communication. It is safe to say that 
within the next two years all the leading towns and mining 
camps will be linked to the outside world with iron bands. The 
benefits which cheap freights and raj)id transit will confer on 
the Territory are almost incalculable. Besides that the building 
of the road on the thirty-fifth parallel will give the people oi 
Arizona a competing line to the marts of the East and the West, 
it will help to maintain a healthy competition, and prevent 
discriminating and oppressive charges on freight and travel 
which the corporation controlling the Southern Pacific have 
always shown a disposition to indulge in when there was no 
opposition. 

TELEGRAPH LINES. 

The Western Union Telegraph Company have a line through 
the Territory along the track of the Southern Pacific railroad, 
and connecting at Yuma, Tucson, and Tombstone, with all 
points east and west. The government has a line connecting 
all the principal military posts throughout the country. 
Branches of this line, which connect with the Western Union, 
run to Prescott, Phoenix, Florence, and other towns. It is 
under the charge of the Signal Service bureau, is a great con- 
venience to the people, and, for years, was their only means oi 
quick communication with the outer world. From Globe to 
the San Carlos Indian reservation, a line has been built by a 
stock company composed of prominent citizens of the former 
town. At the latter place it connects with the United States 
military line. With the completion of the Atlantic and Pacific 
railroad, another telegraj^h wire will stretch across the northern 
portion of the Territory, bringing the chief settleijients in com- 
munication with all parts of the civilized globe. 

STAGE LINES. 

The mail facilities of Arizona, while not perfect, are better 
than are generally found in the remote Territories. Stage lines 
connect with the leading towns and mining camps distant from 
the railroad, and mails are carried with regularity and dispatch. 
The opening of the Southern Pacific has brought the Territory 
in close connection with the East and West; letters from New 
York reach Tucson within six days, while Prescott is only four 
days distant from San Francisco. All the i:)rincipal towns are 
supplied with daily mails, while every farming settlement or 
mining camp, of any size, has at least a weekly. 



BAILROADS, TELEGRAPH AND STAGE LINES. 97 

From Tucson stages run to Arivaca daily, connecting with 
the mining camps adjacent. This well-appointed line carries 
the mails to Altar and other points in Sonora. Another daily 
line runs from Tucson to Hermosillo, by way of Calabasas. 
From Tucson to Silver Bell, a flourishing mining camp, 50 
miles distant, there is a semi-weekly line. 

From Tombstone to Benson, on the Southern Pacific railroad, 
there are two daily lines of six-horse coaches, carrying mails 
and passengers. They have good stock, and make fast time. 
A tri-weekly mail is carried from Tombstone to Harshaw, pass- 
ing by Camp Huachuca. A daily line is also run from Tomb- 
stone to Charleston, and a tri-weekly to Bisbee. There is a 
daily line from San Simon, on the Southern Pacific railroad, to 
the prosperous mining camp of Galeyville, in the Chiricuhua 
mountains. From Wilcox station, daily mails are carried to 
Safford, the county seat of Graham county, and also to Globe, 
the county seat of Gila. This line passes by Camp Grant and 
San Carlos. 

A daily stage connects Casa Grande with Florence. From 
Florence a line runs to Globe, by way of Eiverside, and an- 
other daily stage carries mails and passengers to Pinal and Sil- 
ver King. This company have good stock and comfortable 
coaches. 

Phoenix is connected by a daily line of coaches with the rail- 
road at Maricopa, and by a daily and tri-weekly line with Pres- 
cott. A tri-weekly mail is also carried to Fort McDowell. 

Prescott, distant 140 miles from the Southern Pacific at 
Maricopa, has one daily and one tri-weekly line of coaches to 
that point. These stages pass through Phoenix, and passen- 
gers have the choice of two routes to Northern Arizona from 
the south — by way of Wickenburg, and by way of Black Can- 
yon. Good stock and roomy coaches are run on these lines. 
A tri-weekly line runs from Prescott to Mineral Park, the 
county seat of Mohave county, and also to Alexandria, a mining 
camp 30 miles south. A new line has been established from 
Prescott to the terminus of the Atlantic and Pacific raiLroad, 
■which will be increased to a daily, as the road advances west- 
ward. 

Mohave county has a tri-weekly mail from Mineral Park and 
Cerbat to Prescott; there is also a tri-weekly line to Port Mo- 
have, on the Colorado river. 

St. Johns, the county seat of Apache county, has regnlar mail 
connection with the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, and with the 
southern portion of the Territory. Yuma has a tri-weekly mail 
line to Castle Dome, Silver District, and Ehrenbei'g. Nearly alL 
these lines have comfortable coaches and good stock. Passengers 
will find eating stations at convenient distances. The traveling 
is nearly all by day, and no pleasantertrip can be imagined than 
a, ride on the outside seat of a Concord coach, behind a, good', 
team, over the ever-changing panorama of mountain,, valley,. 
and table land which make up the bold outlines and wonder?^ 
ful perspective of Arizona scenery. 
7 



98 THE EESOUECES OF AEIZONA. 



THE INDIAN TRIBES. 

No description of the Territory would be complete without 
some account of its Indian tribes. For years the name Ari- 
zona was indissolubly linked with savage massacres, fiendish 
murders, and sickening tortures; it was the " dark and bloody 
ground " of the frontier, where the few whites who had the 
temerity to penetrate, carried their lives in their hands, went 
armed to the teeth, and kept constant watch for the treacherous 
foe. Perhaps no portion of the American continent has wit- 
nessed a more deadly struggle than that waged by the pioneers 
of Arizona against the murderous Apache. 

For nearly fifteen years this warfare was maintained by the 
handful of whites scattered over the Territory from the Utah 
boundary to the Sonora line. Isolated from the cente;'S of pop- 
ulation, and surrounded on all sides by their savage foes, the 
gallant band maintained the unequal contest, and although 
hundi-eds of them fell victims to savage treachery, and left their 
"bones to bleach on the desert plain and mountain side, the red 
man was compelled at last to yield to his destiny. A volume 
would be required to give an account of the long and bloody 
struggle, of the lonely ambush, the midnight attack, the hand- 
to-hand encounter, the shrieks of women and the cries of chil- 
dren, the flames of burning dwellings, and the fiendish yells of 
the infuriated savages. No writer of Indian fiction ever imag- 
ined more desperate combats, more hair-breadth escapes, more 
daring courage and self-sacrificing devotion, than the history of 
the Apache wars in Arizona will show when they are fully 
written. The savages were at last conquered by General Crook 
and the gallant officers and men under his command, in 1874, 
and placed on reservations, where they still remain. 

The San Carlos reservation is situated in the eastern part ol 
the Territory, and embraces portions of Gila, Graham, and 
Apache counties. It is a well-watered region, and has some of 
the finest farming land in Arizona. It contains at present 
4,979 Indians, divided into the following bands: White Mount- 
ain, Chiricahua, Coyoteros, San Carlos, Aguas Calientes, Mo- 
haves, Yumas and Tontos, With the exception of the Yumas 
and Mohaves, all the Indians on this reserve belong to the 
Apache family. There are 15,000 acres of land within the limits 
of the agency which can be irrigated; about 1,000 acres have 
been brought under cultivation, and 250,000 pounds of barley, 
5,000 pounds of wheat, and nearly 800,000 pounds of corn have 
been raised by the aboriginal agriculturists the present year. ^ A 
large school-house has been built and fitted up with dormitories, 
dining-room, bath-rooms, etc., where 30 scholars, all boys, re- 
ceive board and tuition. The reservation is in charge of an 
agent, with the following assistants: Clerk, storekeeper, phy- 
sician, chief of scouts, blacksmith, carpenter, three butchers, 
tlrree teamsters, and two interpreters. The Apaches at this res- 
ervation were on^e th« most formidable foes of the whites, and 



THE INDIAN TRIBES. 99 

the Chiricahuas, led by the famous chieftain Cachise, were long 
the terror of Southern Arizona, and have marked every mile of 
the road from the Rio Grande to Tucson with the graves of their 
victims. The Apaches, as far back as the history of the Terri- 
tory extends, were always at war with . their neighbors; lived 
by murder, robbery, and rapine; their hand was against every 
man, and every man's hand was against them. They kept the 
Pimas, Moquis, Papagoes, and other semi-civilized tribes con- 
tinually on the defensive, and it has been supposed that they , 
were the destroyers of the ancient civilization which once 
flourished in this Territory. 

The tribe is divided into sub-tribes, and the sub-tribes again 
into bands, governed by petty chiefs or captains. In their civil 
polity they are republicans, pure and simple. The chief or 
head man is elected by the popular voice, and when his course 
becomes obnoxious to the majority, he is lemoved and another 
chosen in his place. These Indians are polygamists, and keep as 
many wives as their fancy may dictate, or as they can induce to 
live trith them; they indulge in no marriage ceremony, but the 
bridegroom is expected to make a present to the bride's father, 
when he carries her off from the parental wickiup. The women 
are the hewers of wood and the drawers of water, the Apache 
braves, like all other Indians, considering it a degradation to 
work. Since their removal to the reservation, however, many 
of them have laid aside their pride, and plied the shovel and 
the hoe with commendable vigor. Their moral condition is like 
that of all other Indians who have been brought in contact with 
the whites. In their wild state, infidelity on the part of the 
wife was punished by cutting off the nose, but since their inter- 
course with the pale faces, they have adopted a less severe code. 
All the Apaches are inclined to spiritualism, and are very super- 
stitious; they also believe in witches and have almost implicit 
faith in their medicine men; are cremationists, and burn' their 
dead. Their habits are filthy; they have adopted many of the 
white man's vices, and none of his virtues; whisky and civiliza- 
tion are too much for them; the once warlike and powerful 
tribe of the Apaches are gradually passing away, and the land 
of which they were once the absolute lords and masters, will, 
in a short time, know them no more forever. 

The Pima and Maricopa tribes have a reservation on the Gila 
river, commencing about nine miles below Florence and extend- 
ing down the stream for nearly thirty-five miles. The Maricopas 
were once a part of the Yuma tribe, but in the middle of the 
last century they allied themselves with the Pimas, and they 
have ever since lived together in peace and harmony, although 
their manners, customs, laws, religious ceremonies and lan- 
guage are as distinct as if they were thousands of miles apart. 
The tribes number about 5000, 500 being Maricopas. They 
live in small villages; the houses are built by placing jDoles ten 
or twelve feet long in a circle of about twelve feet in diameter 
at the bottom, and fastened together at the top. These poles 
are then covered with grass and mud, only a small opening 



100 THE RESOUKCES OF ARIZONA. 

being left for a door. Each village is ruled by a chief, who is 
subordinate to the chieftain of the tribe. All disputes between 
the inhabitants of the same village are submitted to a council 
of the old men for settlement, and their decision, be what it may, 
is final; in disputes between residents of different villages, rep- 
resentatives from all the hamlets are called by the chief of the 
tribe to settle the differences. They are polygamists to a cer- 
tain extent, and an annual feast and dance called the Tizwin 
feast, is held in the early summer, when all who so desire, 
make their choice of mates for the ensuing year. The Mari- 
copas are cremationists, while the Pimas bury their dead. 

Besides their reservation on the Gila, a large tract on the 
north side of Salt river was set aside for their use by an execu- 
tive order dated July 14, 1878. They cultivate about 400 acres 
on Salt river, and on the Gila something like 800. Their wheat 
crop averages about 2,000,000 pounds a year, and is much su- 
perior to that of the whites, both in cleanliness and quality. 
Corn, beans, pumpkins, and sorghum are also raised in large 
quantities. Living down the Gila, below the mouth of the 
Salt, there are about 400 Papagoes who cultivate nearly 400 
acres. All of these tribes have some cattle and a great number 
of ponies. The agent for the Pimas and Maricopas resides at 
Sacaton, on the Gila, and distributes the government annuities 
among them. Two schools have been established at this point, 
with what success we have not learned. These Indians are 
peaceable and industrious; besides their farming they manu- 
facture ollas, baskets, and formerly made some fine blankets. 
Many of them, by their industiy and thrift, have accumulated 
property to the value of several thousand dollars. They have 
ever been the friends of the whites, and during the Apache 
wars their doors were always open for the unfortunate Amer- 
ican hard pressed by the foe. 

The Pimas were settled on their present abode when found 
by the Spanish explorers, nearly 350 years ago. Then, as now, 
they cultivated the soil, and manufactured earthen vessels, and 
cotton and woolen fabrics. Their farming is done in primitive 
style, using wooden plows, and threshing the grain by spread- 
ing it in a circle on the earthen floor, and driving a band of 
ponies over it. The Pimas are good Avarriors, and for centuries 
resisted successfully the attacks of their hereditary enemies, 
the Apaches. They have great faith in their medicine men — so 
long as they are successful in effecting cures. Repeated failures, 
however, are apt to lead to serious consequences. A case has 
lately occurred where an unfortunate follower of Galen, having 
sent three patients, in succession, to the happy hunting-grounds, 
was taken by a strong guard to the cemetery near Phoenix, and 
summarily dealt with by having his brains knocked out with a 
club. If civilization should adopt such a plan, what a thinning 
out there would be in the medical profession ! 

The Papagoes were partly civilized when discovered by the 
Spaniards, over three centuries ago. They were converted to 
Christianity by the early Catholic missionaries, and still remain 
steadfastly attached to that faith. Of all the Indians of the 



THE INDIAN TRIBES. 101 

Territory, they are the most industrious, virtuous, temperate, 
and thrifty. They live by cultivating the soil, and by stock- 
raising. They have always been peaceable and well-disposed, 
and during their long contest with the Apaches, they rendered 
valuable services to the whites. They have never asked or re- 
ceived assistance from the government, although no tribe has 
so well deserved it. They speak the same language as the 
Pimas, and are supposed to be a branch of that tribe; but, un- 
like them, they cut their hair, wear hats, and dress after the 
fashion of the lower classes of Mexicans. Many of them are 
employed by the farmers of the Gila and Salt-river valleys, 
during the harvest season, and have proven steady and faithful 
laborers. The tribe numbez-s about 6,000. They have a reser- 
vation on the Santa Cruz, south of Tucson, where they raise 
considerable wheat, barley, corn, pumpkins, melons, etc., and 
a great mony cattle and horses. Their location is a good one, 
being well watered and timbered, and containing some of the 
finest land in the Territory. A number of them still live in 
their old home, the Papagueria, south-west of Tucson, engaged 
principally in stock-raising. The Papagoes are in charge of 
the agent at Sacaton. A school is maintained for their benefit, at 
6an Xavier, by the Sisters of St. Joseph, and is largely attended. 

The Colorado River reservation was established by act of 
Congress, March 3, 1865. Since then it has been enlarged, and 
contains at the present time about 140 square miles, situated 
between Ehrenberg and La Paz, with a total Indian population 
of 1,010, composed of the following tribes : Chim-e-hue-vis, 208; 
Mohaves, 802. Besides the agent in charge, there is a physi- 
cian, clerk, farmer, carpenter, blacksmith, teacher, matron, and 
cook. It is said that the morals of these Indians are better 
than could have been expected from their lax marriage rules; 
"prostitution is not universal by any means, and is confined to 
a few depraved women of the tribes." The Indians on this 
reservation cultivate small patches of ground along the Colo- 
rado, raising corn, wheat, melons, pumpkins, etc. The govern- 
ment has expended large sums in opening irrigating canals, and 
it is hoped that they may soon- become self-sustaining. They 
were once in active hostility against the whites, but the crush- 
ing defeat they received at the hands of Colonel Hofi'man, in 
1859, completely broke the/r spirit, and they have never since 
shown any disposition to go on the war-path. 

The Yumas live on the Colorado river, ranging from Yuma 
down towards the gulf. They raise some corn and vege- 
tables on the Colorado bottoms, bat spend most of their time 
loafing around the streets of the town, doing small jobs and car- 
rying messages for the whites. They were once a powerful tribe, 
but intemperance and immorality have done their work upon 
them, and they are now the lowest and most debased of all the 
Indians in the Territory. 

The Hualapais live in the mountains of Mohave county,. 
They are a brave and warlike race, and gave the early settlers 
a great deal of trouble. They were j)laced on the Colorado 
reservation, but the enervating climate of the river bottoms wa?^ 



102 THE EESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

fatal to Indians accustomed to tlie purer air of the more elevated 
regions, aud they were allowed to return to their native hills. 
They are industrious, and many of them find employment at the 
settlements and mining camps throughout • the county. They 
are generally self-supporting, though the government occasion- 
ally issues them supplies. The Hualapais did good service 
during the Apache wars, several companies enlisting as scouts, 
and fighting bravely by the side of the troops. They have be- 
come debased by their intercourse with the whites, and are 
rapidly decreasing. They number about 700, divided into bands. 

The Ava-Supies live in the deep canyon of Cataract creek, 
a tributary of the Colorado, which rises in Bill Williams mount- 
ain, north of Prescott. The band numbers about 300 men, 
Vi^)men and children. The narrow valley in which they live 
averages from 100 to 400 yard^ wide, with walls of sandstone 
from 2,000 to 4,000 feet, rising perpendicularly on either side. 
Down in this beautiful glen the climate is almost perpetual 
summer; and while the icy winds sweep over the elevated 
plateau, the lovely vale below sees the flowers bloom and the 
grass green all the year round. Through the center of this val- 
ley runs a clear stream; the soil is rich and easily cultivated, 
producing grain and vegetables of all kinds, also fine peaches 
and other fruits. A trail leads down the sides of the perpen- 
dicular cliffs, from three to six feet wide, and requires a steady 
nerve to pass over it in safety. Thus, literally shut out from 
.the world, the Supies live in their beautiful canyon, blessed 
with everything to suj^ply their few and simple wants. They 
do a large trade in buckskins and dried fruits with the Huala- 
pais, Moquis, and other Indians. They are peaceful, industri- 
ous, and contented, aud warmly attached to their homes; are 
kind and hospitable to strangers, and are, in all respects, the 
most remarkable tribe in the Territory. 

The Moquis occupy several villages in the north-eastern por- 
tion of the Territory. Their "pueblos" are situated on rocky 
cliffs from thi-ee to six hundred feet above the level of the 
surrounding plain. On one of these isolated mesas are located 
four of their villages. Three other villages occupy as many 
rocky bluffs or onesas. The houses are of stone, and built in 
terraces, in such a manner that to enter the lower story it is 
necessary to climb to the top and then descend. The inhabi- 
tants of Oraybe, west from the Moquis, are of different origin 
and language, although their manners, customs, and mode of 
life are the same. Water is brought to these pueblos, perched 
on those rocky crags, from a half to two miles distant. The 
valley below, although sandy and barren-looking, produces 
good crops of corn, pumpkins, melons, and tine peaches. About 
three thousand acres are in cultivation at the different villages. 
They have large flocks of sheep and goats, which they carefully 
guard from the raids of their more warlike neighbors, the 
Navajos. The Moquis are temperate, industrious, and true to 
their marriage relations. They make blankets, baskets, and 
ollas ; have lived in their present abode since we have any knowl- 
edge of them, aud are the same in all respects to-day as they 



MISCELLANEOUS. 103 

were three hundred and forty years ago, when Coronado and 
bis followers, in their search for the Seven Cities of Cibola, first 
met them. An agent has been appointed for them, and a board- 
ing-school established, which is proving a gratifying success. 

The Navajo reservation is located in the north-eastern corner 
of the Territory, adjoining the line of New Mexico, and embraces 
an area of 5,200 square miles, the greater portion being fine 
grazing land. Tbe Navajos are the main branch of the 
Apache family, and are probably the most intelligent, active and 
snterprising of all the Indians in Arizona. Their manufacture 
of fine blankets has long been admired, and in their agricultural 
and pastoral possessions, they are one of the richest tribes in 
the United States. They own about 15,000 fine horses, over 400,- 
000 head of sheep, nearly 2,000 head of cattle, besides mules, 
burros, etc. They derive over $30,000 annually from the sale 
of blankets, sashes, etc. Every family has its loom, where the 
women are constantly employed. The Navajos are a warlike 
race, have long kept their Moquis and Zuni neighbors in whole- 
some dread, and at one time were the terror of the Rio Grande 
valley. Since their subjugation by the government in 1860, 
they have made rapid strides in prosperity, and are said to be 
the only Indians who are increasing. They number at present 
about 15,000. Their agency is established at Fort Defiance. 

The total number of Indians in the Territory is about 25,000. 
fho power of the wild Apache has been broken, and he no 
longer obstructs the path of progress and civilization. The 
Indian question in Arizona has been settled forever; the wild 
tribes are fast passing away, and in a few years will have en- 
tirely disappeared, leaving behind only a name linked with 
bloody deeds and savage atrocity. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

WAGES AJSTD COST OF LIVING, SOCIETY, MANUFACTURES. 

People who are looking for homes in a new country, naturally 
Eeel an interest in knowing the rates of wages paid, and the cost 
of living in the region to which they think of emigrating. In 
this chapter we shall endeavor to answer tbe many inquiries 
which are being made from the East, and from the Pacific 
States and Territories, asking for information on these points. 

Miners are paid $4 per day throughout the Territory. This 
is the rate of wages for underground work which has prevailed 
in the neighboring State of Nevada, and which has been estab- 
lished in Arizona. In some small and isolated camps a lower 
rate has obtained, but good workmen, who understand their 
calling, can not be hired for less than the prevailing rates. 
. Blacksmiths receive from $4 to $6 per day, first-class work- 
men commanding the latter price. Carpenters get from $4 to 
$5 per day; bricklayers and masons from $5 to $6 per day; 
engineers from $5 to $6 per day; printers from $4 to $5 per 



104: THE RESOUECES OF AEIZONA. 

day; clerks from $50 to $100 per month and board; teamsters 
from $40 to $70 jDor month and board; herders from $30 to $40 
per month with board; farm laboreis from $30 to $40 per 
month; and day laborers from $2 50 to $3 50 per day. 

The supply of labor is generally in excess of the demand. 
Like all mining countries which have received a sudden impetus 
from the opening of railroads, Arizona has drawn within its 
borders a number of people who have found themselves, on 
their arrival in the country, destitute of means. While there 
is always a chance for men of energy and industry to make their 
way, it is not advisable for mechanics and laboring men, who 
have no means, to rush to Arizona. "While those who are em- 
ployed obtain good wages, it must be borne in mind that this 
is a country whose many resources are just beginning to be de- 
veloped, and that the demand for labor is limited. To men who 
have some means; who are in a position to take advantage of 
the many profitable openings that present themselves; who 
may be in possession of a small capital to begin the battle of 
life; who have the wherewithal to try their fortune in seeking 
for the treasures that lie hidden in our mountain fastnesses, 
Arizona offers advantages not equaled by any State or Territory 
in the Union. But of the workingman, who has only means 
sufficient to bring him to the country, and is dependent solely 
on his daily labor, Arizona has already enough, and it is not 
the desire or intention of this publication to hold out uncertain 
inducements to that class of emigrants. 

The cost of living in the Territory is not more expensive 
than could be expected in a country, the greater portion of 
whose supplies are brought from such a distance. With the 
exception of some grain, flour, hay, and vegetables, everything 
worn or consumed by the people of Arizona is shipped from 
California or the East. In Tucson board can be had at from 
$6 to $8 per week, and at the leading hotels at from $1 to $2 50 
per day. In Tombstone, board is from $8 to $10 per week, and 
in the different mining camps throughout the southern portion 
of the Territory, the same rates prevail. Rents in Tucson and 
Tombstone are not high, considering the rush of emigration to 
those towns, and the remarkable advance in real estate. A com- 
fortable residence of three or- four rooms, in a suitable location, 
can be had in Tucson at from $20 to $30 per month. The rates 
are about the same in Tombstone. Clothing, boots and shoes, 
dry goods, groceries, and everything necessary for housekeep- 
ing, are sold at fair prices. A suit of clothing can be 
bought at from $15 to $30; a pair of boots at from $4 to $8, 
and all other articles in a like proportion. Of groceries, sugar 
is 20 cents per pound; coffee, 25 cents; flour, $5 per cwt.; 
beef, 8 to 12 cents per pound; and vegetables and all other 
articles of food at similar rates. In Phoenix, the agricultural 
center of the Territory, prices of clothing and groceries are 
about the same as in Tucson and Tombstone, while grain, flour, 
vegetables and fruits, are much cheaper. 

In Prescott and throughout Northern Arizona, the rates of 
wages do not differ materially from those which exist in th^ 



MISCELLANEOUS. 105 

southern country. Board in Prescott is from $8 to $10 
per week. Groceries, clothing, and provisions are a trifle 
higher than in Tucson and Tombstone, owing to the greater 
distance from the Southern Pacific railroad, and the increased 
charges on freight. The opening of the Atlantic and Pacific 
will give Northern Arizona a direct line to the markets of the 
East, and supplies and material of all kinds can be laid down 
at Prescott and the northern mining camps, at much lower 
rates than at present. From this brief summary it will be seen 
that the cost of living in Arizona, taking into consideration the 
loDg distances from the sources of supply, can not be considered 
high; and although these figures may appear rather large to 
people accustomed to those prevailing toward the rising sun, it 
must be borne in mind that every branch of labor, and every 
profession or calling, receives a just and generous remuneration 
for its services in this prosperous and progressive Territory of 
the South-west. 

SOCIETY. 

There is no Territory on the distant frontier where law and 
order are so strictly maintained, or where the rougher ele- 
ments, peculiar to the border, observe- so mild-mannered an 
attitude, as in Arizona. In the newest mining camp, as well as 
in the larger towns, like Tucson and Prescott, life and property 
are as secure as in older communities who boast of their culture 
and civilization; and if sometimes the festive "cowboy" from 
Texas, or the "bad man from Eodie," should forget himself 
while under the influence of "fighting" whisky, he is quickly 
brought to a realizing sense of the situation by the strong arm 
of the law. On the opening of the Southern Pacific railroad, a 
crowd of outlaws from the East and the West flocked into 
Arizona, but the prompt and energetic action of officers and 
citizens, soon compelled that gentry to seek fresh fields. 
Even the contests over mines, which seem to be inseparable 
from a " live " camp, have been fewer than in most of the 
mineral States and Territories; the pistol and the shotgun have 
been laid aside, and the law allowed to have its course. 

Tucson, Tombstone, Phoenix, and Prescott are incorporated 
under the laws of the Territory. They have an efficient police 
force, and the best of order is maintained. In fact, it has been 
remarked by travelers and new-comers that Arizona has less of 
that typical western lawlessness than any region they had 
visited on the frontier. In the leading towns of the Territory 
will be found a society whose culture, intelligence, and refine- 
ment will compare with any portion of the Union. Surrounded 
by churches, schools, newspapers, and the other adjuncts of 
modern progress, the people of Arizona are among the most in- 
telligent, liberal, and progressive to be found in the United 
States. The emigrant who decides to cast his lot here will 
find the foundations of a broad and enlightened society firmly 
established; he will meet a generous, progressive, and liberal- 
minded people, ready to lend a helping hand to the new-comer; 
and he will find order, security, law, and enlightened public 



106 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

opinion ruling the country from the Utah line to the Sonora 
border. 

MANUFACTURES. 

The manufacturing interests of Arizona are yet in an embryo 
condition. Lumber and flour are its chief products at the pres- 
ent time. Yavapai county has three saw-mills near Prescott, 
and one on the line of the Atlantic and Pacific railroad. These 
mills turn out a good quality of pine lumber, and supply a large 
area. Lumber is worth from $20 to $30 per thousand at the 
mills. At Prescott, there is a sash, door and blind factory, 
which is kept steadily at work. A small foundry has been es- 
tablished here, but it is now closed. 

Maricopa county manufactures nearly three fourths of all the 
flour produced in the Territory. It has four flour-mills in act- 
ive operation; one at Phoenix, one three miles east of Pbceuix, 
one on the Grand canal, and one at Tempe. All these mills 
are supplied with the best machinery and the latest improve- 
ments, and turn out a quality of flour i^referred by some to the 
best California. An ice factory has been established at Phoenix 
which supplies its citizens with a luxury which is almost a neces- 
sity during the sultry summer months. Large quantities of 
sorghum are also manufactured' in the Salt-river valley. It is 
a superior article and finds a ready sale. 

The manufacturing industries of Pima county consist of two 
flour-mills in Tucson, well-appointed establishments, which pro- 
duce a superior article. A foundry and machine shop was es- 
tablished here in 1880, and is prepared to make every variety 
of quartz-mill machinery and castings in iron and brass. Sev- 
eral large blacksmith and wagon shops are also in full opera- 
tion in Tucson, and turn out superior work in their line. 

Cachise county has five saw-mills in operation, three in the 
Huachuca mountains west of Tombstone, and two in the Chiri- 
cahua range east of that point. These mills produce an excel- 
lent quality of pine lumber, which finds a ready sale in the 
bonanza camp and the mines adjacent. Tombstone has also a 
foundry where castings for quartz-mills of every description are ' 
manufactured. 

The manufactures of Gila are confined to two saw-mills in the 
Pinal mountains, which supply Globe and the mining camps 
throughout the county with a superior article of pine lumber. 
At Yuma is situated the largest wagon factory in the Territory. 
The peculiar dryness of the climate at this point seasons the 
wood so thoroughly that it never shrinks. The mesquite, which 
grows in such profusion on the Gila and Colorado bottoms, 
makes the very best wagon timber, and the work turned out at 
this place is considered the most durable and best adapted to 
the climate of the Territory. 

Apache county has several saw-mills steadily at work on the 
magnificent pines which crown her mountain ranges. Two 
flouring-mills have been put up on the Colorado Chiquito, which 
produce a fine article of the staff of life. 

In Pinal county there are two flour mills,. on the Gila, below 
Florence, which find profitable employment in handling the fine 



POPULATION — CIVIL AND MILITARY. 107 

wheat for which that valley is celebrated. Graham .county baa 
two flour-mills in operation at Solomonville. These are about 
the only manufacturers now in existence in the Territory. That 
there is here an extensive and a profitable field for the invest- 
ment of capital in this branch of industry, admits of no doubt. 
No better opening can be found on the Pacific coast for a 
woolen factory. The wool is here in abundance; the v/ater- 
power is here, and the demand, already suflScient to make the 
venture a paying one, is steadily on the increase. A tannery 
would be a lucrative enterprise; thousands of hides are now 
shipped out of the country every year, which should be turned 
into leather at home. Every broom used in the territory ia 
made abroad, when it has been demonstrated that broom-corn 
of an excellent quality can bo grown in the valleys of the Gila 
and the Salt rivers. The manufacture of soap is also an enter- 
prise which offers quick returns to any one who will engage in 
it. Eopes, cloth, and paper of a superior quality have been 
made from the fibers of the mescal plant, and as the supply ia 
unlimited, there is no reason why a venture of this kind should 
not be successful. For the man who will be the first to inau- 
gurate some of the manufacturing enterprises alluded to, suc- 
cess is certain. The population is steadily increasing, and the 
demand for the articles mentioned is increasing in the same 
ratio. The raw material is at hand, and it only requires capital, 
energy, and enterprise to .reap this virgin field and glean a 
golden harvest. There are many other industries of a kindred 
nature to those we have set forth, which can be i^rofitably en- 
gaged in, but enough has been said to convince business men 
of the splendid opportunities which Arizona offers for the suc- 
cessful prosecution of manufacturing industries. 



POPULATION— CIVIL AND MILITARY. 

According to the census of 1880, Arizona has a population of 
41,580, distributed as follows: 

Pima county 19,934 

Maricopa county 5,G89 

Yavapai county 5,014 

Apache county 3,498 

Pinal county 3,040 

Yuma county 3,215 

Mohave county 1,190 

This i^opulation ia classified as followa: 

Whites 35,330 

Mulattoes 17 

Blacks 87 

Chinese " 1,601 

Indians 4,545 

Making a grand total of 41,580 



108 THE RESOUECES OF ARIZONA. 

This estimate does not include Indians on reservations and 
those who live in pueblos. The jjopulation of the Territory 
has rapidly increased during the past two years. The large 
emig-ration which the building of the Southern Pacific railroad 
has drawn to the southern portion of the Territory, shows no 
signs of slackening. The completion of the Atlantic and Pa- 
cific road through Northern Arizona will no doubt attract to 
that region a human tide equally as large as that which has 
swept over the southern country. It is not too much to expect 
that Arizona will double its present population within the next 
two years, and in three or four years from now, have the requisite 
number of inhabitants to entitle her to admission as a sov- 
ereign State of the Union. 

The prej)onderance of males over females is very marked in 
Arizona, as in all new countries. The opening of railroads, 
however, will help materially to equalize this difference, and 
more evenly balance the sexes. "What has been said of the in- 
ducements which the Territory holds out to men, will apply 
also to women. In none of the Western Territories is female 
labor better paid. Women who are not afraid to work, and 
are willing to cast their lot with the destinies of this young and 
flourishing Territory, will find many advantageous opportu- 
nities, which they can not hope for in the crowded centers of 
the East. 

MILITARY. 

Arizona and Southern California constitute a separate mili- 
tary department, with headquarters at Fort Whipple, near Pres- 
cott, Brevet Major-General O. B. Wilcox commanding, with 
the following staff: 

First Lieutenant H. L. Haskell, Aid-de-camp. 

Second Lieutenant E. F. Wilcox, Aid-de-camp. 

Department Staff. 

Major Samuel N. Benjamin, Assistant Adjutant-General. 

Major A. K. Arnold, Acting Assistant Inspector-GeneraL 

Colonel H. C. Hodges, Chief Quartermaster. 

Captain Charles P. Eagan, Commissary of Subsistence. 

Surgeon A. K. Smith, Medical Director. 

Major W. H. Johnson, Paymaster. 

First Lieutenant Carl F. Palfrey, Engineer-Officer. 

Commanders of Posts. 

Fort Apache, in the Sierra Blanco, is garrisoned by two com- 
panies of cavalry and two of infantry, commanded by Colonel 
E. A. Carr. 

Fort Bowie, in Apache pass, the former stronghold of Ca- 
chise, has two companies of cavalry and is under the command of 
Captain C. B. McLennan. 

Fort Grant, fifty miles north of Tucson, is garrisoned by two 
companies of cavalry and two of infantry, with Major James 
Biddle in command. 



POPULATION — CIVIL AND MILITARY. 109 

Camp Huachuca, south-west from Tucson and near the 
Sonera line, has a garrison of one company of cavalry under 
the command of Captain T. C. Tupper. 

Fort Lowell, nine miles from Tucson, has one company of 
cavalry, Captain W. A, Eafferty in command. 

Fort McDowell, near the junction of the Salt and the Verde 
rivers, has one company of cavalry and one of infantry, under 
the command of Captain A. R. Chaffee. 

Fort Mohave, on the Colorado river, is garrisoned by one 
company of infantry under the command of Captain E. C. 
Woodruff. 

Camp Thomas, on the Upper Gila, has a garrison of one com- 
pany of cavalry and one of infantry, under the command of 
Major David Perry. 

Fort "Whipple, the headquarters of the department, is about 
one mile east of Prescott. It is garrisoned by two companies 
of infantry. Captain H. C. Egbert, Post Commander. 

The number of troops in the department of Arizona is about 
1,200, distributed over the entire Territory. No more efficient 
force is found on the frontier, and no portion of Uncle Sam's 
domain is more carefully looked after. Too much credit can 
not be awarded to General Wilcox, and the officers and men 
under his command, for the manner in which they have guarded 
the important interests confided to their charge; quelled all 
symptoms of hostility among the Indians within the Territory, 
prevented the incursions of hostile bands from abroad, and 
kept securely the long line of frontier bordering on Mexico. 
The people of Arizona owe to the army a debt of gratitude 
which can never be forgotten; their services in subduing the 
savage Apache, and opening this country to settlement and 
civilization, will ever be held in grateful remembrance, and will 
constitute one of the brightest images in the history of the Terri- 
tory. 

CIVIL. 

Arizona, as one of the Territories of the Federal Union, has 
her leading civil officers appointed by the President. The peo- 
ple have the privilege of electing a delegate to Congress, who 
has no vote. They are also permitted to elect a Legislature 
every two years, who enact laws, subject to the a^Dproval of 
Congress. The following is a list of the Federal officers of the 
Territory at the present time: 

Delegate in Congress, Granville H. Oury. 

Governor, John C. Fremont. 

Chief Justice, C. G. W. French. 

Associate Justices, W. H. Stilwell, De Forest Porter. 

United States District Attorney, Everett B. Pomroy. 

United States Marshal, C. P. Dake. 

Surveyor-General, John Wasson. 

United States Depositary, C. H. Lord. 

Collector of Internal Revenue, Thomas Cordis. 

Collector of Customs, W. F. Scott. 



110 THE EESOUECES OP ARIZONA. 



ANCIENT RUINS. 

The evidences of an ancient civilization which afe met with 
in the ruius scattered throughout the Territory, have long been a 
subject of earnest inquiry among savants and explorers. The 
character and extent of these ruins prove conclusively that the 
region now known as the Territory of Arizona was, at some 
period in the past, the seat of a civilization much further ad- 
vanced than that which occupied the land when first discovered 
by Europeans. 

First amoug these prehistoric relics, both in its extent and 
state of preservation, is the Casa Grande, about six miles below 
Florence, in the valley of the Gila, and about five miles south 
of that stream. This ruin was discovered by Coronado's expe- 
dition in 1540. It was then four stories high, with walls six 
feet in thickness. Around it were several other ruins, some 
with the walls yet standing, which have since succumbed tc 
time and the elements. The Pima Indians, who, then as now, 
were living in the immediate vicinity, had no knowledge of the 
origin or history of the structure. It had been a ruin as far 
back as tradition extended in their tribe, and when or by whom 
erected was as much a mystery to the dusky natives as to their 
European visitors. Father Pedro Font examined the Casa 
Grande in 1775, and describes the main building as " an ob- 
long square, facing to the cardinal points of the compass. The 
exterior wall extends from north to south four hundred and 
twenty feet, and from east to west two hundred and sixty feet. 
The interior of the house consists of five halls, the three middle 
ones, being of one size, and the extreme ones longer. The 
three middle ones are twenty-six feet in length from north tc 
south, and ten feet in breadth from east to west, with walls six 
feet thick. The two extreme ones measure twelve feet from 
north to south, and thirty-eight feet from east to west." At 
present the ruins are about two stories high, and are rapidlj 
crumbling away. The walls are composed of a material look- 
ing like concrete or grout. The dimensions of the ruin still 
standing are about 50 by 30 feet. It is divided into many 
small rooms, and plastered with a reddish cement. The walls 
still show small round holes where the rafters had entered, 
charred pieces of which are yet found imbedded in the adobe. 
The interior room is the largest, and is still in a fair state of 
preservation. All around the main building are mounds and 
traces of ruius, which go to show that a large city existed hert 
at one time. The course of an immense irrigating canal, whicL 
watered the plain where the ruins now stand, has been followed 
to the Gila above Florence, forty miles distant. 

Near Tempe, in the Salt-river valley, are found the ruins oi 
extensive buildings, which are supposed to have been even 
larger than the Casa Grande. The foundations of one have 
been traced, which measures 275 feet in length and 130 feet in 
width. Excavations made in these mounds have brought to 



ANCIENT RUINS. Ill 

light several ollas wliicli were filled with charred hones. The 
remains of a large irrigating canal are traced near the ruins. 
The road from Phoenix to Tempe follows the bed of the ancient 
water-course for a considerable distance; it is much larger than 
any in use by the modern occupants of the valley. The ruins 
of canals and buildings which are yet found in the plain between 
the Gila and the Salt rivers go to show that this region, now 
BO desolate, was at one time thickly inhabited. At many other 
points in the Salt-river valley the marks of a civilization which 
once flourished here and made the desert to smile with industry, 
are yet plainly traced. All about the ruins are found frag- 
ments of pottery, painted in various colors and highly glazed. 

In the valley of the Upper Gila, known as Pueblo Viejo, are 
found extensive mounds similar to those of the Salt river. 
Traces of buildings, irrigating canals, broken pottery, etc., are 
met with in every direction. Ruins of a like character are en- 
countered at different points all along the Gila river. On the 
San Pedro, near its junction with the Gila, are remains of what 
must have been a large city. The foundations were of stone, 
laid in a coarse cement. Numerous ruins are found along the 
Verde and its tributaries, in the Agua Fria valley, and in the 
mountains and valleys extending for fifty miles in every di- 
rection from Prescott. Some of the structures on the Verde 
and Beaver creek, are among the most interesting in the Terri- 
tory. On a hill overlooking the river, below Chino valley, is 
a series of ruins of stone houses; on another hill, about three 
miles east, are found the remains of many other stone buildings. 
In the valley of the Verde, traces of its early inhabitants are 
found in every direction. Opposite Camp Verde are a number 
of stone ruins, overlooking the river. Two miles down the 
stream, on an elevated mesa, an ancient burial ground has been 
discovered. On Beaver creek, a tributary of the Verde, are 
found many interesting cave dwellings. They are walled up 
in front, and look like the rocky blu^s out of which they have 
been excavated. Cisterns made of cement, and in a remark- 
able state of preservation, are found near many of these dwell- 
ings. One of these caves is eighty feet across its front, and 
nearly one hundred feet above the base of the cliff. The in- 
terior is divided into many rooms, the height of the roof being 
about fifty feet. The wall in front is pierced by two loopholes, 
through which a view of the country for some distance around, 
can be had. 

In Chino valley, twenty miles north of Prescott, are found 
many interesting stone ruins. Large ollas, filled with charred 
corn and beans, have been unearthed from these mounds. 
Several skeletons have been discovered, and also a number of 
stone hammers and axes. There is every reason to believe that 
the inmates died by violence, the doors and windows being 
walled up, evidently as a protection against a hostile foe. 

In the vicinity of Walnut Grove, twenty- five miles south of 
Prescott, are found the ruins of large stone structures crowning 
elevated mountain-tops, some of them from twenty to thirty 



112 THE EESOURCES OF AEIZONA. 

feet square. On the Hassayampa, and the mountainous country 
south from Preseott, these ruins are numerous, and were evi- 
dently built on their commanding positions by people who were 
constantly harassed by savage foes. That the bed of the 
Hassayampa has been washed for gold in ages past, is proven 
by the large pines, whose age is numbered by hundreds of 
years, found growing where the ancient miner once seai-ched 
for the precious metal. Preseott, the modern capital of Arizona, 
occupies, it is believed, the site of an ancient city, and many 
relics of its former inhabitants which have been brought to 
light, go to strengthen this theory. 

Near Fort McDowell are found the remains of a large forti- 
fication, and of aa immense irrigating canal. The bones of fi 
man, supposed to be seven feet high, were unearthed near this 
point. On the Rio Bonito and other branches of the Salt river, 
numerous cave dwelliugs are found. The Colorado Chiquito 
valley exhibits traces of mounds and irrigating ditches, showing 
that this region was at one time densely populated. All over 
the Territory, north from the Casa -Grande on the Gila, and ex- 
tending into New Mexico and Southern Colorado, the ruins of 
stone buildings, large towns, cave dwelliogs, and immense 
oanals are met with in the valleys and on the mountain-tops 
and hillsides, near the principal water-courses. 

Nothing is left to tell the story of the people who constructed 
them, save the few earthen vessels which have been found in 
the ruins, the stone hammers and axes occasionally met with, 
and thg fragments of broken pottery which lie scattered about 
their former abode. From the charred remains of human bones 
taken from the ruins, it has been supposed that the ancient 
people cremated their dead; and, from the few hieroglyphics 
which they have left behind, it has been thought they were sun- 
worshipers. As to their pursuits and mode of life, it is gener- 
ally believed they followed the business of mining, as well 
as agriculture. As has been before alluded to, the evidence ia 
conclusive that many of the gulches in the Sierra Prieta range 
were worked for the golden treasures hundreds of years ago. 
That this ancient race, who have left such massive monuments 
of their skill and industry behind them, had made rapid pro- 
gress in the arts of an advanced civilization, there can be no 
doubt. Who were those people who erected imposing structures, 
opened canals, and brought immense stretches of land under 
cultivation ? From whence did they come, and what has been the 
cause of their extinction, so complete that nothing is left to 
tell the story ? Many theories have been advanced as to their 
origin and history, but nothing definite is yet known of one of 
the most remarkable of prehistoric races of the American con- 
tinent. 

Here is a wide field for the savant who desires to trace the 
evidences of a civilization whose origin is lost in the mists of 
antiquity, and whose crumbling monuments yet proclaim its 
ancient vigor and wide extent. Perhaps the key to unlock the 
barred and bolted chambers of prehistoric American history 
may yet be found in the ruins of Arizona. 



THE EARLY SPANISH MISSIONARIES. 113 



THE EARLY SPANISH MISSIONARIES. 

Following- closely in the wate of that army of daring adven- 
turers, fired with the thirst for gold and glory, who conquered 
the vast empire of the Montezumas, and penetrated to the wild 
regions northward, came another army, which made up in fiery 
zeal what it lacked in numbers; an army proclaiming " peace 
on earth and good will to men," whose standard was the em- 
blem of Christianity, and whose mission was the spreading of 
the gospel among the tribes of the far South-west. Padre de 
Niza, as has been before stated, was the pioneer of the cross in 
what is now known as Arizona. He penetrated to the Cities 
■ of Cibola, and on his return to New Spain spread glowing 
reports of their richness and extent, which led to the expedition 
of Coronado. It has been charitably supposed that the father 
indulged in this exaggeration in the hope of extending the 
gospel of Christianity among the natives, but Coronado and his 
followers, disappointed in not finding the expected treasures, 
abandoned the country in disgust, and no eiforts were made to 
establish permanent settlements in Arizona until more than a 
hundred years later. 

The first attempt to found missions in this Territory, then 
known as Pimeria Alta, was made by the Franciscan fathers in 
1650, at the Moquis villages. The enterprise was undertaken 
under the direction of the Duke of Albuquerque, then Viceroy 
of Mexico. In 1680, the Indians rebelled, massacred many of 
the Spaniards, and the missions were abandoned and never re- 
established. As near as can be ascertained, the first mission 
built in Southern Arizona, was at Guavavi, forty-six miles south 
of Tucson, in the latter part of the seventeentli century. The 
mission of Tumacacori was founded some time afterwards, and 
San Xavier, below Tucson, in 1694. In the same year, Fathers* 
Kino and Mange, who had been active in establishing missions 
in Sonora, visited the Gila river, and were the first to 
thoroughly inspect the ruins of the Casa Grande. They also 
explored the lower Gila and Colorado. Father Kino was a true 
friend of the Indians, and labored untiringly to better their 
condition. He procured an order from the Audience of Guada- 
lajara that his neophytes should not be apportioned out to 
work in the mines. Father Kino established several missions 
among the Pimas, who made rajDid progress in civilization 
under the parental care of the humane priest. In 1720 there 
were nine missions in a flourishing condition within the Terri- 
tory now known as Arizona. They were Tubac, San Xavier del 
Bac, Joseph de T^umacacori, San Miguel, Guavavi, Calabasas, 
Arivaca and Santa Ana. They were rich in flocks and herds, 
and in the products of the silver mines, which they worked 
extensively. 

As showing the mode of life among the converts at the mis- 
sions, we copy the following, written by Bishop Salpointe of 
Tucson: " Early in the morning the Indians had to go to church 
8 



114 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

for morning' prayers and to hear mass. Breakfast followed this 
exercise. Soon after, a jjeciiliar ring of the bell called the work- 
men. They assembled in front of the church, where they were 
counted by one of the jn-iests, and assigned to the different 
places where work was to be done. When the priests were in 
sufficient numbers, they used to superintend the work, laboring 
themselves, otherwise they employed some trustworthy Mexican 
to represent them. Towards evening, a little before-sundown, 
the workmen were permitted to go home. On their arrival in 
the houses, which were located around the plaza, one of the 
priests, standing in the middle of this plaza, said the evening 
jDrayers in a loud voice in the language of the tribe. Every 
word he pronounced was repeated by some selected Indians, 
who stood between him and the houses, and last, by all the In- 
dians present in the tribe." Under the fostering care of the 
fathers, large tracts of land were brought under cultivation, and 
the Indians appeared to be contented and happy. 

In 1744, Father Jacob Sedel made an attempt to reach the 
Moquis and re-establish the missiojis, but got no further than 
the country of the Pimas on the Gila, who dissuaded him from 
the enterprise. He exjDlored the newly discovered river of 
Asumpciou (Salado) and the Verde. He also followed the Gila 
to its sources, and encountered the Apaches. In 1727, the 
Bishop of Durango, Don Benito Crespo, visited the rnissions of 
Arizona, and wrote to Philip V. in their behalf. That monarch 
ordered that they should be jDrotected and assisted out of the 
royal treasury. In 1751 there was an outbreak of the Pimas, 
most of the priests killed, and the missions in the northern part 
of the province destroyed. The revolt was instigated " by one 
Luis, from Saric (Sonora), who j^retended to be a wizard, and 
made the Indians consider as a disadvantage to them what he 
intended for his own benefit." In 1765, the prosperity of the 
missions received a heavy blow from the decree ordering the ex- 
jDulsion of the Jesuits from Spain and her colonies. In May, 
1768, fourteen Franciscan fathers, from the college of Santa 
Cruz of Queretaro, arrived at Guaymas, destined to take the 
place of the Jesuits who had been killed by the Indians, and 
expelled by order of the government. They found the missions 
which had escaped the fury of the Indian revolt in a declining 
condition. Life and energy had fled with the Jesuits; the 
Apache, till then but little known, had swooped down on the 
flocks and herds, and the missions seemed to be on the brink of 
ruin. But, under the unremitting care of the Franciscans, they 
soon recovered their former flourishing condition. 

Captain Bautista Ainsa, under orders from the Viceroy, un- 
dertook to open communication by land from Sonora to Upper 
California in January, 1774. He was accompanied by Fathers 
Garcez, Pedro and Elrarch, who penetrated the country of the 
Yavapaisand explored the central portion of Arizona. Captain 
Ainsa returned from California in 1776, bringing with him chief 
Palma and others of the Yuma tribe, praying for the establish- 
ment of missions among them. Three missions were estab- 



THE EARLY SPANISH MISSIONARIES. 115 

lished by Father Garcez in 1779 — La Concepcion, where Fort 
Yuma now stands, San Pedro, near Castle Dome, and San 
Pablo, near Chimney Peak. On the seventeenth of July, 1781 , the 
Yumas rose in rebellion against the Spanish authorities, killed 
the garrison at La Concepcion, and carried the women and 
children into captivity. The priests were murdered, the build- 
ings destroyed, and thus ended the missions of the Colorado. 
No steps were afterwards taken to re-establish them. 

Among the adventurous pioneers of the cross who traversed 
Arizona from 1773 to 1776, were Fathers Pedro Font, Francisco 
Garcia, Silvestre Escalante and Francisco Dominguez. They 
explored the Casa Grande ruins and the Moquis villages. 
Father Escalante's party went as far north as the Uintah 
mountains in Utah, and as far south as Moro, New Mexico. 
They crossed the Colorado somewhere in the neighborhood of 
latitude 37° north, and between longitude 111° and 112°, west 
of Greenwich. Escalante appears to have been the last of the 
adventurous missionaries who journeyed through the wilds of 
Arizona for nearly two hundred and fifty years subsequent to 
the expedition to the Seven Cities. Notwithstanding the raids 
of the Apache, the missions of Soutliern Arizona continued 
in a high state of prosperity until the Mexican war of inde- 
pendence. After that they lost the support and i:)rotection of 
the vice-regal Government, languished and declined, and were 
finally suppressed and abandoned by a decree of the Mexican 
Government, in 1827. 

Of all the mission churches built by the Franciscans and 
Jesuits, but one renyiius in' a state of preservation — that of San 
Xavier del Bac, nine miles south of Tucson. This, the most 
important mission in the Territory, was established in 1694, but 
the present building was not commenced until 1768. On the 
abandonment of the missions in 1827, the Papago Indians, 
who resided at San Xavier, took charge of the church, and 
preserved it from destruction by the Apaches. The style o*f 
architecture of San Xavier is a mingling of the Moorish and 
the Spanish. It is built of stone and brick, with a fine coating 
of cement. It has a length of 105 and a width of 27 feet, inside 
the walls. It is in the form of a cross. The nave is divided 
into six parts, marked by as many arches. The building is 
surmounted by a dome and two towers, one of which remains 
unfinished. The church faces to the south, the fa9ade being 
ornamented with scroll-work and the coat of arms of the Fran- 
ciscan order. Around the roof is a brick balustrade, covered Avith 
cement, and with griffins' heads, also in cement, at each angle 
and corner. The interior is a mass of elaborate gilding, paint- 
ing, and fresco-work. On the right-hand side, between the 
front door and the main altar, there is a fresco representing 
the " Coming of the. Holy Ghost." and on the left, a picture of 
the " Last Supper." The main altar is dedicated to St. Francis 
Xavier. The frescoes near the altar are the " Adoration of the 
"Wise Men," the "Flight into Egypt," the "Adoration of the 
Shepherds," and the " Annunciation," still in a good state of 



116 THE KESOUECES OF ARIZONA. 

preservation. The main altar, and those on eitlier side, are 
decorated with columns and arabesques in relief, gilded and 
painted in many colors in the Moorish style. Statues of the 
twelve apostles are placed in niches in the pillars of the church. 
The ceilings were adorned with fresco-woi"k, but much of it has 
been defaced by the rain trickling through the roof. 

Near the front door are two small openings communicating 
with the towers; from these rooms commence the stairs, cut 
into the thickness of the walls. The second flight brings the 
visitor to the choir of the church. There are some line frescoes 
here. Two flights more lead to the belfry, where hang four 
home-made bells of small size. Twenty-two stejDS more lead to 
the little dome^ covering the tower, about seventy-five feet 
above the ground. From this point a fine view can be had of 
the beautiful Santa Cruz valley, and the peaks and mountain 
ranges which surround it in every direction. On the west side 
of the church is an iuclosure and a small chapel. This was 
formerly used as a cemetery, the bodies being kept in the 
chapel until the ceremony of burial was performed. 

When we remember the age in which it was built, and the 
facilities at hand for its construction, the church of San Xavier 
must be considered a remarkable structure. The traveler who 
first beholds its perfect outlines, standing in solitary grandeur 
on the edge of the desert plain, is astonished to find in this re- 
mote region a buihliug which would adorn any capital in 
Christendom. It stands an impressive monument to the un- 
tiring zeal, energy, and self-sacrificing devotion of the mission 
fathers, who penetrated the unknown wilds of the south-west, 
and were the first to open to settlement ai?d civilization, what 
is now the Territory of Arizona. The effects of their early 
labors are yet seen in the tribes they redeemed from barbarism 
and taught the arts of civilization, peace, and industry. The 
only other relic of the missions found in the Territory is the 
ruins of St. Joseph at Tumacacori, three miles below Tubac, on 
the Santa Cruz river. This mission was destroyed by the 
Apaches in 1820, and the occupants massacred. The building 
was smaller and of ruder construction than San Xavier. The 
form was that of a Greek cross with a basilica. The latter is 
st^Jl standing, crowned by the emblem of Christianity. Two 
towers yet remain in a fair state of preservation. The church 
was built of adobe, plastered with cement, and coped with 
burnt brick. The roof was flat and covered with tiles. The 
valley adjacent to this mission was brought under a high state 
of cultivation. Tumacacori was at one time the richest of the 
Arizona missions, and was the scene of an active and prosper- 
ous mining industry, but the Apache spoiler "came down like 
a wolf on the fold," and nothing remains to tell of Jesuit 
energy and endeavor, save the crumbling ruin of the old church 
and the abandoned shafts and tunnels, overgrown with brush 
and filled with debris, which are frequently met with in the 
surrounding mountains. 



HOW TO GET TO ARIZONA. 117 



HOW TO GET TO ARIZONA. 

To reach Southern Arizona from the East, at the present time, 
the shortest and most direct route is by way of the Atchison, 
Tojjeka, and Santa Fe raih'oad. This line begins at Kansas City, 
Missouri, and, passing through Kansas, Colorado, and New 
Mexico, unites with the Southern Pacific at Demiug, 1,149 
miles from Kansas City; fare $74, first class. From Deming 
to Benson, twenty-eight miles from Tombstone, it is 173 miles; 
fare, $17 30. Daily stage lines run from Beuson to Tombstone; 
fare, |6. From Demiug to Tucson it is 219 miles; fare, 
$21 90-^thus making the distance from Kansas City to Tomb- 
stone 1,340 miles, and to Tucson, 1,368 miles. Sleeping-cars are 
run on this route, and passengers have every comfort found in 
railroad traveling. The time from Kansas City to Tombstone 
or Tucson is about three days. 

To reach Northern Arizona from the East, the traveler takes 
the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe line to Albuquerque, New 
Mexico, At this point the Atlantic and Pacific railroad strikes 
westward, on the thirty-fifth parallel, through Northern Ari- 
zona. This road is completed as far asBrigham City, in Apache 
county, 280 miles from Albuquerque. The fare from Kansas 
City to Albuquerque is $53. Persons desirous of visiting North- 
ern Arizona will find stages at Brigham City, or at the end of 
the track, to couve}'^ them to Prescott and the principal points 
in Apache, Yavapai, and Mohave counties. Brigham City is 
about 180 miles east of Prescott, but the railroad is advancing 
at the rate of more than a mile a day, and the track will be 50 
miles north of the capital of Arizona by the first of July, 
1882. Prescott is distant from Kansas City 1,368 miles. 

To reach Arizona from California, or the Pacific coast States 
or Territories, the quickest route is by the Southern Pacific 
railroad. To North Arizona by this line, the traveler has the 
choice of two routes from Yuma, by steamer up the Colorado, 
or by rail to Maricopa. Below we append a table of distances 
and rates of fare by this route to the principal pointsin the Ter- 
ritory, from San Francisco: 

Aubrey, Mohave county — Southern Pacific railroad to Yuma, 
731 miles; river steamer, 255 miles; fare, $65. 

Benson, Cachise county — Southern Pacific railroad, 1,024 
miles; fare, $58. 

Casa Grande, Pinal county — Southern Pacific railroad, 913 
miles; fare, $52. 

Castle Dome, Yuma county — Southern Pacific railroad, to 
Yuma, 731 miles; river steamer, 22 miles; fare, $49. 

Florence, Pinal county — Southern Pacific railroad, to Casa 
Grande, 913 miles; stage, 22 miles; fare, $57. 

Globe City, Gila county — Southern Pacific railroad, to Casa 
Grande, 913 miles; stage, via Florence; fare, $72. 

Mineral Park, Mohave county — Southern Pacific railroad, to 
Yuma, 731 miles; river steamer to Hardyville, 300 miles; stage, 
43 miles; fare, $75. 



118 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

Pantano (station for Harsliaw), Pima county — Southern 
Pacific railroad, 1,006 miles; fare, §57; b}- stage to Harsliaw, 50 
miles. 

Phoenix, Maricopa county — Southern Pacific railroad, to Mari- 
copa, 887 miles; stage, 35 miles; fare, $55. 

Prescott, Yavapai county — Southern Pacific railroad, to Mari- 
copa, 887 miles; stage, 150 miles; fare, $75. 

Tombstone, Cachise county — Southern Pacific railroad, to 
Benson, 1,024 miles; stage, 81 miles; fare, $62. 

Tucson, Pima count}^ — Southern Pacific railroad, 978 miles; 
fare, $55, 

Wilcox, Cachise county — Southern Pacific railroad, 1,064 
miles; fare, $60. 

The fares quoted above are first class. The local rate charged 
by the Southern Pacific in Arizona is ten ceuts per mile. From 
the foregoing it will be seen that all the principal points in 
Arizona can be visited from the East or the West quickly and 
comfortably; giving the traveler choice of rail, river, and stage 
routes through the Territory. 



THE WANTS OF THE TERRITORY. 

In the foregoing pages has been given a " brief chronicle " of 
the Territory, its past history, its present condition, and its 
future i^rospects. Before closing this short sketch of the 
country and its resources, it may not be out of place to note 
the aids which it needs to bear it on to the topmost wave of 
material prosperity. Arizona wants, first of all, capital to de- 
velop her vast mineral wealth; she wants men who have the 
enterprise and the means to open up the treasures which lie 
hidden in her mountains and mesas, to sink shafts, to drive 
tunnels, to erect mills and furnaces, to give employment to 
labor, to build up happy homes and thriving communities, and 
send forth such a volume of bullion as has never been equaled in 
the history of the globe. As mining is the leading industry of 
the country, the capital to place that industry on a prosperous 
basis is a, vital necessity for the welfare of Arizona. Here are 
gold, silver, copper, coal, lead, and iron scattered in'profusion 
throughout the length and breadth of the Territory; here are 
railroads joenetrating in every direction; here is a climate of 
almost perennial summer, and here is every natural facility for 
the extraction and reduction of ores. For the men who are 
waiting in the East and in Europe for a chance to invest some 
of their surplus millions, here is a land with grand resources 
almost untouched, offering opportunities for profitable mining 
ventures not equaled in the western country, and only awaiting 
the magic wand of capital to cause its mountains and hills to 
send forth streams of treasure. 

As has been remarked in another place, Arizona wants men 



THE WANTS OP THE TERRITORY. 119 

•who will engage in manufacturing enterprises. Hundreds or 
thousands of dollars are annually sent out of the country for 
supplies wbich could be produced at hoi»e. The manufacture 
of woolen goods, of leather, of soap and candles, and many 
other articles, offers almost certain assurance of success. For 
the man or men with a knowledge of the business and the 
requisite capital, who will engage in any of these enterprises, 
a fortune is in store. 

There are yet millions of acres of unoccupied grazing land in 
the Territory, waiting for the cattle raiser to utilize its fine 
grasses. On portions of this immense domain water is scarce, 
but the want can be quickly supplied by the sinking of wells. 
No finer climate for stock can be found, and no better beef is 
raised in the United States. There is plenty of room for twice 
the number of cattle now in the Territor}', and with two rail- 
roads crossing it from east to west, and leading. to the markets 
of the Atlantic and the Pacific, no better field for this branch 
of industry can be found. 

To men who have some means, and can take advantage of the 
opportunities that present themselves in a new country, Arizona 
ofl'ers an inviting field for the display of their industry, energy, 
and enterprise. For live, active men, with plenty of "push" 
and vim, there is always an opening. Arizona wants men with 
strong hands and stout hearts; men who are willing to work; 
men who are not afraid to rough it in a new country'; men who 
can fight the battle of life, and are not disposed to give up the 
contest because fortune does not always smile on them; men 
w^ho are not above turning their hands to anything that presents 
itself; men who are sober, steady, and industrious. With such 
a class of men, to build up the country and develop its grand 
resources, Arizona Avill soon become one of the foremost States 
in the American Union. 

We have briefly stated here the character of the emigration 
which the Territory wishes to attract within its borders; it may 
be in order, also, to allude to the kind it doesn't want. Of lawyers 
and doctors the Territory has more than enough, and an influx 
of the "learned professions" is not desirable. They are al- 
readj^ overcrowded, and sharp competition has made the prac- 
tice of law and medicine anything but profitable. It is true, 
in these, as in all other j^rofessions, " there is room at the top," 
but unless a man has the acquirements and the talents to take that 
i:)osition, he had better remain where he is. Of clerks, and all 
those who are seeking desirable positions, where the labor is 
light and the salary high, the supply on hand already exceeds 
the demand, and such persons had better stay where they are, 
unless they are willing to take hold of anything that presents 
itself, from driving a bull-team to "polishing the head of a 
drill." 

That large class who imagine their fortunes would be made 
if they could only get to the West, without scarcel}^ an efl'ort on 
their part, need not come to Arizona. No drones in the hive of 
industry are wanted here. As everywhere else, energy, perse- 



120 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. 

vei'ance, and hard work, are required for success, and he who 
thinks to achieve it by any other means will be sadly disap- 
pointed, and should r#main " at home at ease." Of that grand 
army of fault-finders, never satisfied and forever complaining, 
this Territory wants none; men who sit supinely waiting for 
fortune to bid them good-morrow, who make no effort to help 
themselves, and then complain of their non-success, should not 
come to Arizona. 

In this short space we have alluded to the class of emigration 
which this Territorj'^ is in need of, and also that class it can well 
afford to do without. There is here plenty of room for an act- 
ive, enterprising, energetic class of people; who will open our 
mines, cover our plains and hillsides with fiocks and herds, cul- 
tivate our rich valleys, build up happy homes and prosperous 
communities, and by industry, enterprise, temperance, and 
integrity lay broad and deep the foundations of the coming great 
.State of the Soutli-west. 



